DPS-Artículos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/10953/272

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Experiences and needs of unaccompanied irregular migrant minors who arrive in Spain on small boats: A qualitative study
(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2025-01-03) Berthe-Kone, Ousmane; Granero, José; Fernández-Sola, Cayetano; Robles-Bello, María Auxiliadora; Jiménez-Lasserrotte, María Mar
The European Union receives thousands of unaccompanied irregular migrant minors every year, but little is known about their life experiences during the migration process. The aim of this study is to describe their experiences as minors when they arrived in Spain in small boats, which will help to understand their psychosocial and health needs. A descriptive qualitative study was undertaken. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 unaccompanied irregular migrants (15 men and 3 women) from different African countries with a mean age of 20.05 years (SD = 2.77). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three main themes emerged such as (1) unaccompanied irregular migrant minors: risking it all for a better life; (2) redefining your identity as a means of adaptation and (3) obtaining legal status to avoid deportation. Unaccompanied migrant minors risk their lives on the migration journey, but do not always find better conditions in the destination country. The unaccompanied irregular migrant minors are forced to rebuild their lives at a high cost; they experience rejection from the host society and their culture of origin, which has a negative impact on their physical and psychological health over time.
Experiences and coping strategies of parents with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in early care with emphasis on social skills and family cultural values: A qualitative study
(Elsevier, 2025-03-26) Galán-Vera, Ingrid; Robles-Bello, María Auxiliadora; Sarhani, Aziz; Valencia, Nieves
Parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience a grieving process upon receiving the diagnosis. In Spain, early care centers focus on providing care to this population. However, little is known about parents’ experiences during this process, the daily challenges they face due to their children’s social skills deficits, and how their context and values influence this process. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of parents of children diagnosed with ASD in early care services, focusing on their children’s social skills and the family’s cultural values. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 17 parents and a qualitative thematic analysis was made based on the principles of Gadamer’s hermeneutic phenomenology. Three main themes could be identified: the emotional process of the parents upon receiving the diagnosis, the unanticipated obstacles and coping strategies they use, and the role of cultural family values that maintain the family dynamics. Part of the findings emphasize the need for greater parental mental health care, the social difficulties faced by both parents and their children, and the importance of support networks and parental values in raising their children.
Psychometric Properties and Gender Invariance of the Positive Mental Health Scale in Spanish Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Wiley, 2025-04-05) Robles-Bello, María Auxiliadora; Sánchez-Teruel, David; Boufellous, Selma; Lendínez-Rodríguez, Cristina
Aim: Positive mental health (PMH) can be considered a key aspect of mental health in the face of potentially stressful healthcare situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMS) in Spanish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, gender invariance analysis and convergent and divergent analyses were performed, and reliability indices were calculated. Methods: A total of 661 nurses (425 women and 236 men) participated in the study. They completed various questionnaires during August–October 2021. Results: Factor analysis demonstrated a unidimensional structure with very good indices of model fit, high positive convergent validity, especially with social support, self-efficacy and resilience to suicide attempts, and high divergent validity with anxiety and, to a lesser extent, with depression. There was also strong invariance between genders and high reliability indices. In conclusion, the data show that the PMS has adequate validity and reliability in nurses. Furthermore, this study allows us to confirm gender invariance, which has not been examined in other studies. The data show that PMS is a suitable measure for assessing the mental health of healthcare professionals exposed to high-stress situations.
Mujeres Migradas y Autocuidado Comunitario en España y Argentina
(2025-02-25) Cuadra, Cristina; Agrela, Belén; Rosas, Carolina
Investigaciones precedentes en materia de género y migración evidencian que los cuidados comunitarios son prácticas sociales que despliegan las mujeres en los distintos momentos de sus procesos migratorios. Sin embargo, aún son incipientes los análisis que, desde una perspectiva comparada, prestan atención a las acciones cotidianas de autocuidados que las mujeres migradas realizan entre sí para sostenerse material y afectivamente. Por ello, este artículo analiza experiencias de autocuidados comunitarios en España y Argentina (2020- 2024), dinamizadas y autogestionadas por mujeres migradas de origen latinoamericano. Sirviéndonos de un enfoque metodológico cualitativo y feminista, sustentado por las técnicas de observación sistemática y entrevistas en profundidad, se problematiza sobre las motivaciones y dinámicas de participación que las mujeres desarrollan para resolver sus necesidades y ejercer sus derechos de ciudadanía a través de agrupaciones comunitarias. Los resultados muestran cómo, mediante estrategias intergeneracionales e interseccionales, las mujeres migradas logran enfrentar diferentes formas de violencia y visibilizar el potencial transformador de las agencias que desarrollan en los contextos de destino.
Identifying Adolescents at Risk for Emotional Disorders with Latent Profle Analysis: A Personalized, Transdiagnostic Preventive Intervention
(Springer Nature, 2024-02-24) Piqueras, José A.; Falcó, Raquel; Rico-Bordera, Pilar; Canals, Josefa; Espinosa-Fernández, Lourdes; Vivas-Fernández, Manuel; García-López, Luis Joaquin; Equipo PROCARE
It can be challenging to assign patients to the appropriate intervention programs, as risk and protective factors for developing emotional disorders are multiple and shared across disorders. This study aimed to provide a theoretical and empirical approach to identify and categorise adolescents into diferent levels of severity. The risk of developing emotional symptoms was assessed in 1425 Spanish adolescents (M=14.34, SD=1.76; 59.9% women). Latent Profle Analysis (LPA) was conducted to identify subgroups based on their emotional symptom severity, risk, and resilience factors. Results revealed four profles: at low risk (emotionally healthy), moderate risk (for selective interventions), high risk (for indicated interventions), and severe risk (for clinical referral). Older age and especially female gender were predictors of higher risk clusters, and there were diferences in the levels of psychopathology and health-related quality of life across clusters. Identifcation of atrisk adolescents for emotional disorders by means of LPA may contribute to designing personalised and tailored prevention programs that match adolescents’ specifc needs.
Exploring the Role of Resilience as a Mediator in Selective Preventive Transdiagnostic Intervention (PROCARE+) for Adolescents at Risk of Emotional Disorders
(Hogrefe, 2024-04-25) Vivas-Fernandez, Manuel; Garcia-Lopez, Luis Joaquin; Muela-Martinez, José Antonio; Piqueras, José A.; Espinosa-Fernández, Lourdes; Jimenez-Vazquez, David; Diaz-Castela, María del Mar
Introduction: Psychological treatments are becoming an increasingly important component of medical healthcare, as a growingnumber of people seek treatment for a wide range of mental health problems. While these treatments are known to be effective, much remainsto be understood about their mechanisms and reasons for effectiveness. The study of statistical mediators is crucial in psychological research,as it is fundamental to understanding how psychological factors influence health, well-being, and human behavior, and thus to designingeffective psychological interventions. Aim: This study investigates the role of resilience as a treatment mediator in PROCARE+, a brieftransdiagnostic, personalized protocol for the selective prevention of emotional disorders in adolescents. This approach has proven effectivefor young people at risk of developing emotional issues. Method: We used simple mediation models in a sample of 153 adolescents to assessthe impact of interventions on resilience. Outcome variables included self-reported and parent-reported emotional risk, mood, anxietysymptoms, and quality of life. Discussion: The results of this study provide valuable information on how PROCARE+ works and how to improveits effectiveness, pointing to resilience as a key mediator in reducing the risk of developing emotional disorders and improving quality of life.
Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic indicated preventive intervention for adolescents at high risk for anxiety and depressive disorders
(Springer Nature, 2023-12-14) Garcia-Lopez, Luis Joaquin; Jimenez-Vazquez, David; Muela-Martinez, José Antonio; Piqueras, José A.; Espinosa-Fernández, Lourdes; Canals-Sans, Josefa; Vivas-Fernandez, Manuel; Morales-Hidalgo, Paula; Diaz-Castela, María-Mar; Rivera, María
Despite ample evidence for transdiagnostic interventions in clinical populations and in universal prevention approaches, there are only a few controlled trials examining their role for indicated prevention. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a brief, 8-session group version of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (UP-A), called PROCARE-I (Preventive Transdiagnostic Intervention for Adolescents at Risk for Emotional Disorders-Indicated), delivered online, and including a booster session, in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents compared to an active control condition. Sixty-four adolescents (53% identifying as female) with elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression were randomly assigned to either the 8-week PROCARE-I or the active control condition. Self-report, parent, and clinician measures were collected before and after the interventions, at the 6-month follow-up, and 1 month after the booster session. After the intervention, participants in the PROCARE-I group showed improved scores on 9 of the 13 primary and secondary outcome measures, including reduction of anxiety and mood symptomatology, level of risk of developing emotional disorders, resilience, as well as increase of psychological flexibility, and emotional regulation. In contrast, those in the control group showed improvements in only 2 of the 13 outcome measures. After the booster session, significant differences were found between the PROCARE-I and control condition on measures of overall anxiety and depression symptoms, emotional risk, resilience, and quality of life. Low dropout rates and limited incidence of emotional disorders were observed at follow-ups. The interventions were well-accepted, with high satisfaction rates.
Disruption of re-intake after partial withdrawal of gastric food contents in rats lesioned in the gelatinous part of the nucleus of the solitary tract
(Academic Press, 2017-03-02) Zafra, María A.; Agüera, Antonio; Molina-Valero, Filomena; Puerto, Amadeo
Sensory information from the upper gastrointestinal tract is critical in food intake regulation. Signals from different levels of the digestive system are processed to the brain, among other systems, via the vagus nerve, which mainly projects towards the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). The objective of this study was to analyze the participation of the gelatinous part (SolG) of the NST in short-term food intake. One-third of the stomach food content was withdrawn at 5 min after the end of a meal, and food was then available ad libitum for different time periods. SolG-lesioned and control animals ingested a similar amount of the initial liquid meal, but the former consumed significantly smaller amounts and failed to compensate for the food deficit, whereas the controls re-ingested virtually the same amount as extracted. These data suggest that the SolG, as in the case of related anatomical structures such as the vagus nerve or external lateral parabrachial subnucleus, may be relevant in particular circumstances that require the rapid processing of vagal-related food intake adjustment associated to the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Relevance of the nucleus of the solitary tract, gelatinous part, in learned preferences induced by intragastric nutrient administration
(Academic Press, 2017-08-05) Zafra, María A.; Agüera, Antonio; Molina-Valero, Filomena; Puerto, Amadeo
Food preferences have been investigated in Wistar rats utilizing a learned concurrent flavor preference behavioral procedure. Previous studies have demonstrated that the perivagal administration of neurotoxin capsaicin disrupts the learning of preferences induced by intragastric administration of rewarding nutrients (pre-digested milk). The vagus nerve projects almost exclusively towards the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), a brain medullary gateway for visceral signals. The objective of this study was to investigate the participation of the lateral portion of the dorsomedial region, the gelatinous subnucleus (SolG), in the learning of a concurrent preference task. Results show that unlike neurologically intact animals, which learn this task correctly, animals lesioned in the gelatinous part of NST manifest a disruption of discrimination learning. Thus, intakes of the flavored stimulus paired with predigested liquid diet and of the flavored stimulus paired with physiological saline were virtually identical. However, SolG- and sham-lesioned groups consumed similar total amounts of both flavors. These findings suggest that SolG, as a relay of the vagus nerve, along with its anatomical projection, the external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (LPBe), may constitute an anatomical axis that is important in the induction of concurrent flavor/side preferences. It also appears to be relevant in other behavioral processes that require rapid processing of information from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Increased short-term food intake after external lateral parabrachial subnucleus lesions
(Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 2019-03-31) Agüera, Antonio ; Zafra, María A.; Molina-Valero, Filomena; Puerto, Amadeo
The vagus nerve and several brainstem nuclei to which it projects have been closely associated with food intake. The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which the same or different information on food intake is processed by this nerve and by one of these nuclei, the external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (LPbNe). For this purpose, we analyzed the solid and liquid food intake of Wistar rats subjected to vagal deafferentation with capsaicin or lesions of the LPbNe. Vagotomized animals consumed significantly larger amounts of solid food during the first 24 h post‐surgery but not at 48, 72, or 96 h. Animals with LPbNe lesions also consumed larger amounts of liquid and solid foods but only during periods of 60 min on day 5 and 90 min on day 6 post‐surgery, respectively. According to these findings, both the vagus nerve and the LPbNe appear to be involved in short‐term regulation of food intake, although they participate over different time scales. These data are discussed in terms of the potential importance of the vagal‐parabrachial axis in the rapid processing of nutritional information from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Surprising reward downshift activates the lateral habenula, but not the medial habenula, as measured in terms of c-fos expression
(Elsevier Inc., 2023-10-01) Agüera, Antonio; Navarro-Expósito, Alejandro; Zafra, David; Sabariego, Marta; Papini, Mauricio R.; Torres-Bares, Carmen
Convergent results suggest that lateral habenula (LHb) activity reduces reward value and enhances aversive learning. Electrical stimulation of LHb neurons reduces sucrose intake and cocaine/morphine seeking, whereas LHb lesions attenuate taste aversion learning and avoidance of predator odor, retard appetitive extinction, and interfere with appetitive conditioned inhibition training. However, the role of the LHb in consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC), an animal model of acute anxiety/frustration induced by reward loss, remains unknown. We hypothesized that a surprising reward downshift would enhance activity in the LHb. Three groups of rats received access to sucrose during eleven 5-min sessions. Group 32-2 had access to 32% sucrose for 10 sessions followed by a downshift to 2% sucrose on session 11. Groups 2-2 and 32-32 (unshifted controls) had access to 2% and 32% sucrose, respectively, in each of 11 sessions. After session 11, all animals were perfused and brains were prepared for immunohistochemistry of c-Fos expression, a marker of neuronal depolarization. There was less sucrose consumption on session 11 in Group 32-2 than in Groups 2-2 and 32-32—the cSNC effect (p<0.04). Cell density was elevated in the lateral and medial sections of the LHb in Group 32-2, relative to unshifted groups (ps<0.02). No group differences were observed in the medial habenula (p>0.60). These results suggest that the LHb is involved in the cSNC effect, but its precise function remains to be determined, whether it affects cSNC by detecting the mismatch between obtained and expected rewards (reward relativity) or triggers negative emotion (frustrative nonreward) elicited by the reward loss event. Further studies involving integrated assessment of c-Fos in a wide range of brain regions, including the LHb, may clarify the fit of the LHb activity in the connectome underlying the response to reward downshift.
Ketamine retards recovery from reward downshift and supports conditioned taste aversion
(Elsevier Inc., 2023-12-01) Agüera, Antonio ; Cándido, Clara; Donaire, Rocío; Papini, Mauricio R.; Torres-Bares, Carmen
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with antidepressant, anxiolytic, and memory effects in clinical and preclinical studies. The present studies investigated the behavioral effects of ketamine in animals exposed to a consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) task involving unexpected reward downshift, negative emotion (frustration), and aversive memory. Food-restricted male rats had 5-min access to 32 % sucrose in each of 10 preshift sessions followed by 4 % sucrose in 4 postshift sessions. Unshifted controls had access to 4 % sucrose during all 14 sessions. Ketamine (10 mg/kg, ip) was injected 30 min before sessions 11 and 12 (Experiment 1) or immediately after session 11 (Experiment 3). The results showed that both pre- and postdownshift session injection of ketamine increased consummatory suppression, as Group 32-4/Ket exhibited lower sucrose intake than Groups 32-4/Sal, 4-4/Ket, and 4-4/Sal. These effects extended beyond the day(s) of injection. Experiments 2 and 4 showed that the same dose, route of administration, and time of injection induced significant conditioned taste aversion to 4 % sucrose, in the absence of reward downshift. These data suggest that ketamine induces an aversive state that may summate with frustration induced by reward downshift in the cSNC task and also support a conditioned taste aversion to 4 % sucrose in the absence of reward downshift. Implications for these and other experiments involving pre- and postsession administration of ketamine are discussed.
Development of a Video-Test of Emotional Intelligence for Teachers (ViTIED)
(MDPI, 2024-12) Berrios-Martos, M. Pilar; Palomera, Raquel
Emotional Intelligence (EI) in teaching is associated with various educational outcomes and processes. However, it has typically been measured through self-reports and general EI assessments, lacking a specific performance test with greater ecological validity in relation to the demands of the professional educational context. This study describes the development and validation results of the Video-Test of Emotional Intelligence for Teachers (ViTIED), a new performance-based measure to assess the EI of secondary education teachers based on ability EI model and the situational judgment test paradigm. The test comprises 12 video scenes designed to elicit intra- and interpersonal processes, as well as both positive and negative emotions. A total of 163 Spanish teachers (36% male, 64% female; mean age = 40.32 years) completed the ViTIED, along with personality, perceived EI, and burnout assessments. Test scores provide initial evidence of adequate reliability, as well as content, convergent, and divergent validity. Continued validation of this measure will benefit evaluation and intervention processes with teachers, as well as research on the impact of teachers’ EI on the teaching–learning processes and the well-being of the educational community.
Personal resources and personal vulnerability factors at work: An application of the Job Demands-Resources model among teachers at private schools in Peru
(SPRINGER, 2020-02) Corso-de-Zuniga, Sandra; Moreno-Jimenez, Bernardo; Garrosa, Eva; Blanco-Donoso, Luis Manuel; Carmona-Cobo, Isabel
We examine the role of personal resources (hardiness) and personal vulnerability factors (external locus of control and helplessness) at work, among 430 teachers at private schools. Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and the conservation of resources theory, we parallel tested both motivational and health-impairment processes on the teachers' individual outcomes. The JDR model's motivational process was related to life satisfaction, and the health impairment process to perception of ill health. We hypothesize that hardiness will foster work engagement and that its role in the motivational process will be to mediate between job resources and work engagement. Then, we hypothesize that hardiness will prevent job burnout. Self-evaluations are expected to be activated by job burnout as an effect of its third dimension, inefficacy. We examine the mediational role of these self-evaluations between job burnout and ill health, and between job burnout and life satisfaction. The hypotheses are tested simultaneously using structured equation modelling. The results indicate that hardiness partially mediates the relationship between job resources and work engagement, and that hardiness reduces job burnout. Self-evaluations did not increase perception of ill health, but they did mediate the relationship between job burnout and life satisfaction. The findings show that hardiness plays the role of a personal resource in the motivational process and that it also has a preventive function against job burnout. Personal vulnerability factors, in the form of self-evaluations, were activated by job burnout, and their role was to significantly reduce life satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Frustrative nonreward: Detailed c-Fos expression patterns in the amygdala after consummatory successive negative contrast
(Academic Press Inc, 2024-05-28) Arjol, David; Agüera, Antonio; Hagen, Christopher; Papini, Mauricio R.
The amygdala has been implicated in frustrative nonreward induced by unexpected reward downshifts, using paradigms like consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC). However, existing evidence comes from experiments involving the central and basolateral nuclei on a broad level. Moreover, whether the amygdala’s involvement in reward downshift requires a cSNC effect (i.e., greater suppression in downshifted animals than in unshifted controls) or just consummatory suppression without a cSNC effect, remains unclear. Three groups were exposed to (1) a large reward disparity leading to a cSNC effect (32-to-2% sucrose), (2) a small reward disparity involving consummatory suppression in the absence of a cSNC effect (8-to-2% sucrose), and (3) an unshifted control (2% sucrose). Brains obtained after the first reward downshift session were processed for c-Fos expression, a protein often used as a marker for neural activation. c-Fos-positive cells were counted in the anterior, medial, and posterior portions (A/P axis) of ten regions of the rat basolateral, central, and medial amygdala. c-Fos expression was higher in 32-to-2% sucrose downshift animals than in the other two groups in four regions: the anterior and the medial lateral basal amygdala, the medial capsular central amygdala, and the anterior anterio-ventral medial amygdala. None of the areas exhibited differential c-Fos expression between the 8-to-2% sucrose downshift and the unshifted conditions. Thus, amygdala activation requires exposure to a substantial reward disparity. This approach has identified, for the first time, specific amygdala areas relevant to understand the cSNC effect, suggesting follow-up experiments aimed at testing the function of these regions in reward downshift.
Flexible behavioral adjustment to frustrative nonreward in anticipatory behavior, but not in consummatory behavior, requires the dorsal hippocampus.
(Wiley-Liss Inc., 2024-09-20) Hagen, Christopher; Hoxha, Megi; Chitale, Saee; White, Andre O.; Ogállar, Pedro; Navarro-Expósito, Alejandro; Agüera, Antonio ; Torres-Bares, Carmen; Papini, Mauricio R.; Sabariego, Marta
The hippocampus (HC) is recognized for its pivotal role in memory-related plasticity and facilitating adaptive behavioral responses to reward shifts. However, the nature of its involvement in the response to reward downshifts remains to be determined. To bridge this knowledge gap, we explored the HC's function through a series of experiments in various tasks involving reward downshifts and using several neural manipulations in rats. In Experiment 1, complete excitotoxic lesions of the HC impaired choice performance in a modified T-maze after reducing the quantity of sugar pellet rewards. In Experiment 2, chemogenetic inhibition of the dorsal HC (dHC) disrupted anticipatory behavior following a food-pellet reward reduction. Experiments 3-5 impaired HC function by using peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. This treatment, which induces peripheral inflammation affecting HC function, significantly increased cytokine levels in the dHC (Experiment 3) and impaired anticipatory choice behavior (Experiment 4). None of these dorsal hippocampal manipulations affected consummatory responses in animals experiencing sucrose downshifts. Accordingly, we found no evidence of increased neural activation in either the dorsal or ventral HC, as measured by c-Fos expression, after a sucrose downshift task involving consummatory suppression (Experiment 6). The results highlight the HC's pivotal role in adaptively modulating anticipatory behavior in response to a variety of situations involving frustrative nonreward, while having no effect on adjustments on consummatory behavior. The data supporting this conclusion were obtained under heterogeneous experimental conditions derived from a multi-laboratory collaboration, ensuring the robustness and high reproducibility of our findings. Spatial orientation, memory update, choice of reward signals of different values, and anticipatory versus consummatory adjustments to reward downshift are discussed as potential mechanisms that could account for the specific effects observed from HC manipulations.
Academic engagement: A diary study on the mediating role of academic support
(ELSEVIERRADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2020-05) Robayo-Tamayo, Mauricio; Blanco-Donoso, Luis Manuel; Román, Francisco J.; Carmona-Cobo, Isabel; Moreno-Jiménez, Bernardo; Garrosa, Eva
Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, this diary study investigated the mediator role of academic resources in the relationship between personal resources and variables of well-being. The study postulates that the perceived level of academic support received by students during the day mediates the relationship between the levels of self-efficacy and curiosity, measured early in the day, and the level of academic engagement measured at the end of the day. Ninety-four undergraduates filled in a general questionnaire and subsequently completed a daily questionnaire, for 5 consecutive academic days (470 diary entries). The multilevel analysis showed a positive relationship between self-efficacy and curiosity and academic engagement. In addition, the results revealed a positive relationship between academic support and academic engagement. Finally, the results showed partial mediation of academic support in the relationship between self-efficacy and academic engagement and in the relationship between curiosity and academic engagement. The results can be used to improve teaching and learning programs in colleges and universities.
Contextos inclusivos: el reconocimiento de la lengua de signos como derecho de las personas con diversidad funcional.
(Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 2018) Amezcua-Aguilar, Teresa; Amezcua-Aguilar, Patricia
La lengua de signos es la lengua natural de las personas sordas y, por tanto, su mayor bien cultural y vehículo de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, al igual que muchas lenguas minoritarias, la lengua de signos ha sido discriminada, incluso siéndole negado su reconocimiento como tal. Esta marginación lingüística ha supuesto una barrera comunicativa para las comunidades sordas, que se han visto excluidas en sus propias sociedades, llegando incluso a estar prohibida esta forma de comunicación en espacios públicos. Este artículo pretende analizar la situación legal de las lenguas de signos en diferentes países y la forma jurídica que las respalda en el acceso a la educación. Para ello, realizamos una revisión del estado actual de las lenguas de signos tanto desde la perspectiva normo-jurídica como social y educativa. Igualmente, analizamos los efectos que las diferentes conceptualizaciones e ideologías de enfoque hacia la lengua de signos han provocado en el desarrollo social de las comunidades sordas. Se concluye que ha habido un gran avance en el reconocimiento legal de las lenguas de signos en la mayoría de los países, pero los derechos reconocidos jurídicamente no logran un ejercicio pleno ni garantías de acceso a la educación en igualdad de oportunidades
A red code triggers an unintended approach motivation toward sweet ultra-processed foods: Possible implications for front-of-pack labels
(Elsevier, 2019-09-23) Lemos, Thayane C.; Almo, André; Campagnoli, Rafaela R.; Pereira, Mirtes G.; Oliveira, Leticia; Volchan, Eliane; Krutman, Laura; Delgado-Rodríguez, Rafael; Fernández-Santaella, María del Carmen; Khandpur, Keha; David, Isabel A.
Front-of-package labels (FOPL) are recommended to reduce consumer intake of ultra-processed food products (UPP). The multiple traffic-light label is one example of FOPL that indicates the content of target nutrients in products by displaying red (high), amber (medium), and/or green (low) color-coding. The red code may implicitly enhance sweetness perception and approach dispositions toward sweet UPP via cross-modal visual-taste interactions. We conducted two experiments to examine the possibility of contradictory influence of explicitly learned and implicit cross-modal associations on the emotional responses evoked by UPP pictures. In both experiments, we first explicitly associated the color codes with health-related meanings. In Experiment I (n = 78), a psychometric tool estimated the emotional responses (pleasantness and arousal ratings) evoked by UPP pictures when preceded by red, amber, or green color-codes. In Experiment II (n = 24), we recorded participants’ electrocortical brain activity to assess the early posterior negativity (EPN) component as an index of the emotional responses to UPP. The reported pleasantness (Experiment I) and the EPN amplitude (Experiment II) were greater for sweet UPP relative to salty UPP when primed with red codes but not when primed with green or amber. A red code increased positive emotions toward sweet UPP despite its explicit association with increased health-risks. Thus, the use of multiple traffic-lights might lead to an unintended implicit approach behavior toward sweet UPP. Designers, researchers, and policy makers may consider color-taste cross-modal associations when designing, testing, and applying FOPL.
Las personas mayores en el Estado de bienestar: las políticas sociales en Alemania y España
(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2020) Amezcua-Aguilar, Teresa; Alberich, Tomás; Sotomayor, Eva
Este trabajo se ha desarrollado en el marco de una investigación más amplia sobre las diferencias y semejanzas de la participación social de las personas mayores en Alemania y España. En este artículo nos aproximamos a la situación de las personas mayores en el marco del Estado de bienestar y a la cobertura que reciben de los sistemas de protección social, comparando las formas que los respectivos modelos de Estado de bienestar tienen de abordar los fenómenos emergentes del envejecimiento demográfico y la pobreza en la vejez, en el contexto de crisis global. Con un enfoque cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de discusión, abordamos los diferentes discursos acerca de los roles de los actores sociales en los sistemas de protección de las personas mayores. Las conclusiones más relevantes apuntan a una convergencia de los modelos de Estado de bienestar alemán y español. La opinión mayoritaria considera que la sociedad civil debe tomar protagonismo en la sostenibilidad del Estado de bienestar, por lo que es necesario encontrar estrategias, dentro de la política social, que incentiven el compromiso social. Se plantean finalmente propuestas dirigidas a promover la participación e integración de las personas mayores.

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