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URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/10953/230

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Power Gain and Daily Improvement Factor in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems With Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Regulators. Case of Study: South of Spain
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013-11) Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Fuentes-Conde, Manuel; Aguilar-Peña, Juan Domingo
The performance reliability of a stand-alone photovoltaic system (SAPV) depends on the long-term performance of the batteries. In this way, a charge controller becomes an essential device which not only prevents the batteries from suffering deep discharges and overvoltages but also monitors the battery state of charge (SOC) in order to maximize charging efficiency and energy availability. At present, pulse width modulated (PWM) charge regulators dominate the market for this type of component in SAPV systems. However, in recent years, to improve energy management, more manufacturers have developed controllers with strategies for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). PWM charge controllers do not always make optimum use of the available power given by the maximum power point and this gives a loss of power. These power losses depend on battery voltage, irradiance and temperature. However, they can be avoided by using a MPPT charge controller which operates the array at its maximum power point under a range of operating conditions, as well as regulating battery charging. The advantage, in terms of energy gain, provided by this type of charge regulator depends on weather conditions. This paper will study the power gain provided by this type of charge controller, depending on the module temperature and the battery voltage. The paper will, additionally, provide a study of the gain in energy yield, also shown as improvement factor, F, for SAPV systems installed in Jaén (South of Spain). This study may illustrate the behavior of these two types of charge controllers in warm weathers, like Mediterranean climates. Furthermore, it will analyze the suitability of MPPT charge controllers and their benefits in this type of climate. It will be shown that MPPT charge regulator global efficiency constitutes a key issue in making a choice between MPPT and PWM charge regulators. The results given here may be not only of interest for SAPV systems with no access to the electricity grid but also for battery back-up PV grid-connected PV (GCPV) systems.
A new tool to analysing photovoltaic self-consumption systems with batteries
(Elsevier, 2021-05) Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; de-la-Casa Hernández, Jesús; Aguilar-Peña, Juan Domingo
Most of the studies that can be found in the literature for analysing self-consumption systems with storage focus on global self-consumption and self-sufficiency indices and it may be very difficult to define the role of the array power and battery. In this sense, a new approach to analysing this type of systems is provided where direct and battery self-sufficiency and self-consumption indices are defined. The latter represent the direct photovoltaic self-consumed energy and the one provided by the battery. New direct and battery ZEB points are also presented. Furthermore, this type of system is generally analysed using complex 3D plots. Therefore, a new and intuitive 2D contour tool is provided: the iso selfconsumption curves. The new approach has been applied to three households located in Spain. Results show that it may be reached a global self-sufficiency of 50% considering array powers and rated capacities below 3.5 kWp and 1 kWh, respectively, where direct and battery self-sufficiency indices may reach 40% and 10%, respectively. This new method together with the graphical tool may help not only to analyse this type of system but to properly size the array power and the rated capacity from either an energetic or profitability approach.
Distributed generation and photovoltaic selfconsumption. Energy potential for the olive mill industries in Spain
(Publicaciones DYNA SL, 2020-09) Martínez-Calahorro, Antonio Javier; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Rus-Casas, Catalina; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
The industrial sector faces a new paradigm of energy offshoring, where distributed generation can play a leading role in reducing energy costs in industries, as well as in its C02 emissions. This work shows the potential that photovoltaic self-consumption systems can present to face part of the consumption in the industries of the agri-food sector, specifically the oil mills. The electrical consumption of this type of industry for an oil mill is analyzed, as well as the level of coupling between the actual consumption profiles and the estimated photovoltaic generation profiles for a given range of powers of the photovoltaic generator. The analysis method is easily extrapolated to any mill located in Spain. Likewise, and given that this type of industry has a very characteristic consumption profile, the results obtained are easily transferable to other oil mills. For the mill analyzed, and from an annual perspective, a level of use of the generated photovoltaic energy of 75% with a self-sufficiency index of 20% has been estimated, highlighting the great potential of this technology, as an energy option in this type of industry, as well as in any other that presents a consumption with little variability.
Effects of smart meter time resolution when analyzing photovoltaic self-consumption system on a daily and annual basis
(Elsevier, 2021-02) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Rus-Casas, Catalina; Tina, Giuseppe Marco; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
The management of photovoltaic self-consumption systems is based mainly on updating energetic parameters such as generation and household power consumption connected via smart devices. The expected rapid increasing volume of data collected with different time resolutions is surely a topic that deserves great attention. The choice of a proper recording interval should balance the amount of monitored data and a proper energy analysis in order not only to take effective and timely decisions but also to help this technology to be more efficient. In the literature, only specific nominal array powers for annual reporting period or an array power range for daily reporting period have been considered. In this context, the error, when matching photovoltaic generation and household power consumption profiles considering different recording intervals (1, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min) and different reporting periods (daily and annual), will be estimated as a function of the array power (up to 10 kWp) for five households and a resident’s association. Results depend on the reporting periods and it may be advisable to use 1 min and 10 min of recording intervals in order to estimate performance metrics in this type of system for a daily and annual basis, respectively.
Performance analysis indices for Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic system
(IEEE, 2023-07-09) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Martínez-Calahorro, Antonio Javier; Rus-Casas, Catalina; Snytko, Anastasiia; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
The integration of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems into the electricity grid may be crucial in the current energy scenario. At present, this type of electricity generation is cost-competitive in many countries due to its modularity, the availability of the solar resource and the cost of the components, without the need for subsidies. Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic systems have the potential to cover 20-30% of electricity demand in Spain. In order to assess the potential of this technology and to facilitate the deployment of this type of systems, it is very important to provide a proper performance analysis of PV Rooftops systems from monitored data. In this way, self-consumption and self-sufficiency indices are commonly used, however they may not provide a complete assessment. Hence, indices such as the self-sufficiency index for sunshine hours, self-production index and grid-liability rate are also analyzed. These indices estimate the performance of rooftop solar PV systems and provide maximum and minimum values when estimated as a function of array peak power. Moreover, new indices such as the self-production index and the grid-liability rate for sunshine duration have been developed to estimate the system's performance during sunshine hours. These indices can complement the commonly used metrics and improve the performance analysis from monitored data. Moreover, they may also help determine the proper size of the array power of these systems in the industrial sector. The metrics are evaluated using data from four canning industries equipped with rooftop solar photovoltaic systems that have been monitored for a year.
A new approach based on economic profitability to sizing the photovoltaic generator in self-consumption systems without storage
(Elsevier, 2020-04) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Muñoz-Rodriguez, Francisco José; Rus-Casas, Catalina; López-Talavera, Diego
A proper assessment of the cost-competitiveness and profitability of self-consumption systems is crucial to promoting the transition from grid-dependent to energy self-sufficient buildings. Most of the approaches found in the literature may not take into account economic parameters such as taxes, depreciation and the cost of financing, which have a significant effect on the economic profitability of an investment. Moreover, they only focus on discrete array powers and relatively high recording intervals when estimating the self-consumed energy. In order to manage the aforementioned challenges, a new method will be developed to size the PV generator in a PV self-consumption system which provides the NPV curve together with the self-consumption and self-sufficiency indices for a wide range of array powers which suits residential self-consumption systems. Two scenarios will be considered depending on whether the generated surplus electricity is wasted or it is remunerated from the grid operator. Results show that not only the chosen scenario but the electricity tariff may be key parameters when optimizing NPV. Furthermore, the impact of the recording interval may be significant when estimating NPV. Percentage errors of 11.4% and 33.6% may be reached when considering a recording interval of 15 and 60 min, respectively.
Monitoring PWM signals in stand-alone photovoltaic systems
(Elsevier, 2019-02) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Rus-Casas , Catalina; Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Tina, Giuseppe Marco
The performance of stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems can be evaluated by monitoring them in the field using data acquisition systems (DASs). Most SAPV systems use battery charge controllers with pulse width modulation (PWM) to regulate the current into the battery. The PWM signals generated by battery charge controllers imply monitoring challenges due to the complexity of this type of signal. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to develop a new and simple monitoring technique for SAPV systems which can estimate the signals provided by a PWM battery charge controller, thus avoiding expensive DASs, simultaneous sampling and the huge amount of collected data. The estimation of PWM signal parameters, such as the duty factor (df) or high and low states, shows high accuracy, with the mean absolute percentage error lower than 1.4%, a mean relative error within 1.4%, and the coefficient of determination higher than 0.9. Furthermore, the proposed technique may easily be used for other electrical devices where PWM is employed.
A new approach to sizing the photovoltaic generator in self-consumption systems based on cost–competitiveness, maximizing direct self-consumption
(Elsevier, 2019-01) López-Talavera , Diego; Muñoz-Rodríguez , Francisco José; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Rus-Casas, Catalina
Applications for sizing Photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption systems have been studied over recent years in order to achieve either an optimization of the cost of energy, the investment cost or any economic profitability criteria. However, PV self-consumption systems at the residential or small business level can be designed with the aims of reducing the electricity consumption from the conventional local grid and achieving competitiveness with grid electricity prices. These criteria will provide not only greater environmental benefits, security and independence of the grid but it will make the cost of PV self-consumption electricity competitive with electricity prices from the power grid. In this sense, this paper proposes a method to size the generator for a PV self-consumption system based on cost-competitiveness, maximizing direct self-consumption. The method will be applied for three different households located in the south of Spain using the household daily consumption and generation profiles for a single year. However, the method here illustrated can be applied to other countries. The results obtained suggest that residential direct PV self-consumption systems with an annual global irradiation at the optimal tilt angle higher than 1000 kWh/(m2·year) may be a feasible investment to future owners of these systems.
Photovoltaic Self-Consumption in Industrial Cooling and Refrigeration
(MDPI, 2020-12-21) Martínez-Calahorro, Antonio Javier; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Rus-Casas, Catalina; Gómez-Vidal, Pedro; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
The industrial sector has a great opportunity to reduce its energy costs through distributed generation. In this sense, the potential of photovoltaic self-consumption systems in the industrial cooling and refrigeration sector is shown. Two industries with photovoltaic self-consumption installations are shown and the electricity consumption profile of this type of industry which has a remarkable basal electricity consumption during daytime is analyzed. The matching between consumption and photovoltaic generation profiles is provided through the self-consumption and self-sufficiency curves considering different reporting periods (monthly and annual). Moreover, a new index is presented: self-sufficiency index for sunshine hours, φSS,SH. This index evaluates the performance of the photovoltaic self-consumption system when facing the consumption only during sunshine hours. This index may complement the self-sufficiency index and may improve the analysis of this type of systems in the industrial sector. Self-consumption indices of 90% may be provided. Moreover, self-sufficiency indices for total (24 h) and for sunshine hours of 25% and 50%, respectively, for industry A, and 26% and 45% for industry B have been obtained. During daytime, half the load consumption in this type of industry may be covered by photovoltaics while achieving high levels of use of the photovoltaic energy generated.
Impacts of Array Orientation and Tilt Angles for Photovoltaic Self-Sufficiency and Self-Consumption Indices in Olive Mills in Spain
(MDPI, 2020-02-18) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Martinez-Calahorro, Antonio Javier; Tina, Giuseppe Marco; Rus-Casas, Catalina
Olive mills are extensive in the Mediterranean Basin, and Spain constitutes approximately 45% of global production. The industrial sector faces a new energetic paradigm where distributed generation provided by small renewable energy sources may reduce the dependence from fossil energy sources as well as avoid energy distribution losses. Photovoltaic self-consumption systems can play an important role in confronting this challenge due to their modularity and their decreasing cost. Most of self-sufficiency energy studies are focused on building sector and discussions about the idiosyncrasy of industrial load profiles, and their matching capability with photovoltaic generation profiles can be scarcely found. This work analyzes the potential of photovoltaic self-consumption systems as a function of the array power, array tilt, and orientation angles to face the electric consumption in olive mills. Different recording intervals and reporting periods are considered. Results show that a self-sufficiency index of 40% may be achieved on olive harvest basis. Moreover, due to the load profile particularities, percentage error lower than 1.6% has been found when considering a recording interval of 60 min when matching the olive load consumption and photovoltaic generation profiles. Chosen array tilt and orientation angles may be key parameters to maximize the self-sufficiency index.
Development of a Prototype for Monitoring Photovoltaic Self-Consumption Systems
(MDPI, 2020-01-01) Rus-Casas, Catalina; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Aguilar-Peña, Juan Domingo; Fernández-Carrasco, Juan Ignacio; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
Currently, the increasing energy consumption around the world and the environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuel-based energy have promoted the use of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic solar energy. The main characteristic of this type of energy is its unpredictability, as it depends on meteorological conditions. In this sense, monitoring the power generation of photovoltaic systems (PVS) in order to analyze their performance is becoming crucial. The purpose of this paper is to design a monitoring system for a residential photovoltaic self-consumption system which employs an Internet of Things (IoT) platform to estimate the photovoltaic power generation according to solar radiation and temperature. The architecture of the developed prototype will be described and the benefits of providing the use of IoT for monitoring will be highlighted, since all data collected by the data acquisition system (DAS) may be stored in the Cloud. The comparison of the results with those of other monitoring systems was very positive, with an uncertainty that complies with the IEC61724 standard.
Improvements in Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems: Array Power Monitoring in Pulse Width Modulation Charge Controllers
(MDPI, 2019-05-09) Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Rus-Casas, Catalina; Gómez-Vidal, Pedro
Various challenges should be considered when measuring photovoltaic array power and energy in pulse width modulation (PWM) charge controllers. These controllers are frequently used not only in stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems, but may also be found in photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption systems with battery storage connected to the electricity grid. An acceptable solution may be reached using expensive data acquisition systems (DASs), although this could be generally disproportionate to the relatively low cost of SAPV systems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop new and e ective monitoring techniques which will provide the PV array direct current (DC), output power (PA,dc), and PV array DC output energy (EA), thus avoiding the use of sophisticated DASs and providing high accuracy for the calculated parameters. Only transducers and electronic circuits that provide the average and true rms values of the PWM signals are needed. The estimation of these parameters through the aforementioned techniques showed high accuracy for both series and shunt PWM battery charge controllers. Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) was lower than 2.4%, normalized mean bias error (NMBE) was between 􀀀1.5% and 1.1%, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was within 1.6%.
Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)
(MDPI, 2019-03-08) Rus-Casas, Catalina; Hontoria, Leocadio; Fernández-Carrasco, Juan Ignacio; Jiménez-Castillo, Gabino; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José
In order to develop future projects in the field of photovoltaic solar energy, it is essential to accurately know the potential solar resources. There are many methods to estimate the incident solar radiation in a certain place. However, most of them are very expensive or do not have the ideal characteristics for good monitoring of a particular photovoltaic installation. For these reasons, an electronic device connected to the internet of things (IoT) is presented in this paper which manages to measure global radiation in photovoltaic applications. The device developed has been patented in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. It presents some features that make it very suitable to measure photovoltaic installations with the advantage of being a low cost and very reliable device. The device has been tested to determine global horizontal irradiance obtaining a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.994.
Robust dynamic charging price in PV-assisted charging stations
(Elsevier, 2025-10-01) Tostado-Véliz, Marcos; Hasanien, Hany M.; Arévalo, Paul; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco
With the increasing number of electric vehicles on road, the deployment of sufficient public charging infrastructures has become critical. To encourage the installation of new public charging points, such infrastructures need to be economically viable and profitable. In this regard, exploring economic activities within charging infrastructures has become a key topic to ensure the long-term financial sustainability of charging installations. In line with this objective, this paper develops a new robust methodology to setting dynamic charging prices in charging stations. Unlike to conventional charging prices based on flat tariffs, dynamic pricing strategies can follow wholesale electricity prices, potentially setting low prices and therefore displacing the fleet from domestic to public charging. The new proposal renders as a game-theoretical max-min bi-level optimization problem. To address the initial complexity of the formulation, a tailored solution algorithm is developed, which allows accessing to robust solutions efficiently. An adaptive robust modelling of uncertainties is proposed, based on intervals, which allows representing uncertainties as box-constrained variables. Moreover, this paper contributes with a new data-driven approach to determine limits on uncertainties based on bootstrapping. The new solution strategy is validated on a benchmark large-scale charging station installing a photovoltaic facility. Additionally, the effect of the risk level and photovoltaic size on final results is evaluated. In addition, the effectiveness of the charging pricing strategy is assessed, along with the influence of uncertainties on the final results.
Dealing with contradictory objectives in energy communities: A game-oriented trilevel approach
(Elsevier, 2025-09) Tostado-Véliz, Marcos; Hasanien, Hany M.; Cruz-de-la-Torre, Carlos; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco
Energy communities empower end users to partake actively in the operation of the system while lowering energy procurement through optimal sharing resources. The main objective of energy communities is reducing the collective bill by maximizing the usage of local assets such as photovoltaic and storage systems. However, the different community members may raise particular objectives that may eventually lie in contradiction with the reduction of the electricity cost. For example, prosumers may be interested in incrementing their consumption above a benchmark point in order to increase their comfort and satisfaction. Such contradictory objectives should be considered in energy management of communities in order to ensure its social stability and successful. To this end, a novel game-based trilevel day-ahead approach for cooperative communities is developed, in which two secondary objectives can be accommodated together with the cost minimization original target. As a sake of example, the developed tool tailors in this paper to the case in which prosumers aim at maximizing their consumption while storage pretend to minimize the degradation of assets. The original trilevel structure is reduced to a solvable single-level problem that provide an equilibrium point in the Nash sense. A number of results is provided in 5 and 15-bus cases in order to validate the new approach. Results show that the new proposal can be easily implemented in a variety of scenarios, showing a case-independent performance. The hierarchical decision-logic procedure has been illustrated and validated analysing the total community cost under different users’ preferences. Finally, it is shown that the developed methodology scales well with the storage capability and community size.
Experimental validation of a wireless monitored solar still for efficient olive pomace drying and distilled water production
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-04-18) Rodríguez-Orta, Antonio; Aguado-Molina, Roque; Sánchez-Raya, Manuel; Vera, David; Gómez-Galán, Juan Antonio
This work presents the prototype of a solar still that can be used as a complement to the traditional fossil fuel-based drying process of olive pomace, a thick sludge with a high moisture content that is massively by-produced in the olive oil industry. In addition, the system allows to recover distilled water, which can be used to irrigate the adjacent fields. The feasibility of the system for the target application was experimentally validated by designing a wireless data acquisition circuit for data collection, remote storage, visualization and analysis in real-time, with access possible from multiple devices. The results from a test campaign revealed that the moisture content of the olive pomace was effectively reduced from 67.17% to 39.90% in a 10-day period. A maximum drying efficiency of 16.64% was achieved, with potential for higher values under favorable weather conditions. The simplicity of the design and the low-cost solution can facilitate the future large-scale implementation of a similar system.
Continuous decentralized hydrogen production through alkaline water electrolysis powered by an oxygen-enriched air integrated biomass gasification combined cycle
(ELSEVIER, 2023-08) Aguado-Molina, Roque; Baccioli, Andrea; Liponi, Angelica; Vera, David
This research work presents an innovative approach for continuous decentralized production of renewable hydrogen from woody biomass. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is used to produce high-purity hydrogen, while the oxygen by-product is mixed with ambient air and used to fire a biomass-fueled downdraft gasifier in order to produce an upgraded producer gas with a lower heating value (LHV) between 7–8 MJ/Nm³. This fuel gas is then subjected to a conditioning stage and eventually fed to a combined cycle consisting of a recuperative gas turbine as topping unit and a regenerative subcritical organic Rankine cycle as bottoming unit, which together allow for a combined electric power generation efficiency close to 40%. Most of the net AC power from the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is rectified to DC power and ultimately used to power an alkaline electrolyzer, with a minor share allocated to all the required utilities and ancillary equipment, including hydrogen compression to 200 bar. The results from simulation of the hybrid IGCC-AWE plant under steady-state operating conditions in Aspen Plus V.11 indicate an optimal efficiency of 17.6% based on the LHV of hydrogen. Thus, if sized for a biomass consumption of 1 t/h, the proposed plant is capable of providing around 26 kg/h of compressed hydrogen at 200 bar.
Biomass gasification as a key technology to reduce the environmental impact of virgin olive oil production: A Life Cycle Assessment approach
(ELSEVIER, 2022-10) Fernández-Lobato, Lázuli; Aguado-Molina, Roque; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco; Vera, David
The olive oil value chain faces nowadays important challenges toward environmental sustainability, both in terms of waste management and energy efficiency improvement. This research work proposes an integrated gasification plant fueled with olive pomace for combined heat and power (CHP) generation and biochar production, which can be installed directly at oil mills. An alternative scenario for olive oil production incorporating the gasification technology was compared to a baseline scenario based on traditional olive oil production. The environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of unpacked virgin olive oil at the farming and industrial phases were estimated for both scenarios by following the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology under a “cradle-to-gate” approach. The gasification technology applied to the olive oil industry is able to manage all the pomace from the oil extraction process on site, avoiding transportation to pomace oil extraction plants. The proposed gasification plant generates 0.88 kWh of renewable electricity per kg of olive oil and enough heat to abandon the current practice of burning a significant part of the olive pit production. As a result, the alternative scenario contributes to a 8.25% reduction in the normalized environmental impact of olive oil production. In terms of climate change, the environmental impact of the functional unit is reduced from 2.21 to 1.74 kg CO2 eq. (−21%) and the industrial phase becomes a major carbon sink with −0.51 kg of CO2 eq. per kg of olive oil. In this regard, the integrated gasification plant is viewed as an attractive option for most olive oil mills to invest in sustainability through waste management and recovery.
Techno-economic assessment of a hybrid PV-assisted biomass gasification CCHP plant for electrification of a rural area in the Savannah region of Ghana
(ELSEVIER, 2025-01) Sánchez-Lozano, Daniel; Aguado-Molina, Roque; Escámez, Antonio; Awaafo, Augustine; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco; Vera, David
In rural areas of sub-Saharan countries, there is great potential for solar and biomass resources to achieve a reliable electricity supply, reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, thereby tackling energy poverty and promoting sustainable development. This work aims to address the lack of reliable electricity access in rural communities of sub-Saharan countries through biomass gasification assisted by solar photovoltaic (PV) energy and a small back-up diesel engine–generator set. The biomass gasification plant is designed to convert locally available agricultural waste into producer gas, which can then be used to generate electricity. A detailed analysis of the system components, including the PV array, battery bank, biomass gasifier with a combined cooling, heat and power generation unit (CCHP), is carried out to evaluate their performance and efficiency under different operating conditions. The results reveal a CCHP efficiency of 62% for the gasification CCHP unit, accompanied by a remarkable 93.8% reduction in CO2 emissions considering the whole hybrid system. From an economic standpoint under conservative assumptions, the proposed facility can generate a cumulative profit of $157,890 after 20 years, recovering the initial investment within a period of just under 7 years. This is reflected in a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $0.287/kWh, comparable to that of related studies. The outcomes demonstrate that the PV-assisted biomass gasification plant offers a sustainable technical, economical and environmentally friendly solution for electrification of rural communities in sub-Saharan countries.
Calibration of a Class A Power Quality Analyser Connected to the Cloud in Real Time
(MDPI, 2024-08-13) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Sánchez-Sutil, Francisco; Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Baier, Carlos; Gilabert-Torres, Carlos
Power quality measurements are essential to monitor, analyse and control the operation of smart grids within power systems. This work aims to develop and calibrate a PQ network analyser. As the penetration of non-linear loads connected to power systems is increasing every day, it is essential to measure power quality. In this sense, a power quality (PQ) analyser is based on the high-speed sampling of electrical signals in single-phase and three-phase electrical installations, which are available in real time for analysis using wirelessWi-Fi (Wireless-Fidelity) networks. The PQAE (Power Quality Analyser Embedded) power quality analyser has met the calibration standards for Class A devices from IEC 61000-4-30, IEC 61000-4-7 and IEC 62586-2. In this paper, a complete guide to the tests included in this standard has been provided. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) obtains the harmonic components from the measured signals and the window functions used reduce spectral leakage. The window size depends on the fundamental frequency of, intensity of and changes in the signal. Harmonic measurements from the 2nd to 50th harmonics for each phase of the voltage and each phase and neutral of the current have been performed, using the Fast Fourier transform algorithm with various window functions and their comparisons. PQAE is developed on an open-source platform that allows you to adapt its programming to the measurement needs of the users.

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