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Ítem Impact of nearby lightning on photovoltaic modules converters(Emerald, 2021-09-21) Barmada, Sami; Formisano, Alessandro; de-la-Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Sánchez-Sutil, Francisco; Petrarca, CarloThe lightning phenomenon is one of the main threats in photovoltaic (PV) applications. Suitable protection systems avoidmajor damages fromdirect strikes but also nearby strikesmay induce overvoltage transients in themodule itself and in the power conditioning circuitry, which can permanently damage the system. The effects on the PV system sensibly depend on the converter topology and on the adopted power switch. In the present study, a comparative analysis of the transient response due to a nearby lightning strike (LS) is carried out for three PV systems, each equipped with a different converter, namely, boost, buck and buck–boost, based on either silicon carbide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (SiC MOSFET) or insulated gate bipolar transistors controlled power switch devices, allowing in this way an analysis at different switching frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the numerical analysis to help the design of suited protection systems.Ítem Development and implementation of a PQ analyser to monitoring public lighting installations with a LoRa wireless system(Elsevier, 2023-01-30) Sánchez-Sutil, Francisco; Cano-Ortega, AntonioIn smart cities, public lighting installations have a significant consumption of electrical energy. In order to measure this consumption, it is necessary to install sensors capable of obtaining electrical parameters in real time. In this way, the installations are monitored and energy saving and efficiency measures can be implemented. In this sense, this research has developed a PQ analyser meter with Long Range wireless communications technology (LoRa). This technology allows coverage of up to 5 km, which makes it ideal for public lighting applications. PQ Analyser with LoRa (PQAL) has been developed to achieve a fully functional prototype. PQAL comes in two versions for single-phase and three-phase street lighting lines, so that it adapts to any type of installation. PQAL uses the open-source Arduino platform which allows it to adapt to the monitoring needs of every installation. PQAL can monitor installations up to 100 A and 23 kW per phase. The use of non-invasive current sensors allows this device to be installed without modifying the installation to be monitored. Due to the long range of the LoRa network, it can be installed in locations far from the gateway without the need for additional cabling or Internet connection.Ítem Design criteria for the optimal sizing of a hybrid energy storage system in PV household-prosumers to maximize self-consumption and selfsufficiency(Elsevier, 2019-07-25) de-la-Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Sánchez-Sutil, Francisco; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco JoséBatteries of photovoltaic (PV) household-prosumers undergo many fast, partial charge/discharge cycles because of the short-term fluctuations of household load and PV profiles. This negatively affects battery lifetime and can increase project cost involving energy storage systems (ESSs). To address this problem, this research developed an innovative analytical technique that assesses the techno-economic impact of battery-aging mechanisms and their influence on the optimal sizing of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for prosumers so as to minimize the total energy supply cost. This technique, implemented in a dynamic model of the integrated system, designs battery degradation, supercapacitor (SC) behaviour, converter hardware implementation, and power management strategy (PMS). The results, as reflected in technical short and long-term assessments, showed a potential improvement in self-consumption and self-sufficiency ratios due to PV, battery, SC, and the extension of battery lifetime in various PV-ESS sizing scenarios. The optimal PV-battery configuration was then determined by a techno-economic assessment, as well as the most suitable HESS sizing, while preserving the previous ratios of optimal PV-battery configuration, though with a lower life-cycle cost. The optimal PV-battery configuration was found to depend on the long-term power fluctuations of input profiles, whereas short-term fluctuations determined the optimal HESS sizing.Ítem Planning of electrical energy for the Galapagos Islands using different renewable energy technologies(Elsevier, 2021-10-30) Arévalo, Paul; Eras-Almeida, Andrea; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco; Egido-Aguilera, Miguel ÁngelThe present study focuses on the planning of electrical energy for the Galapagos islands using different renewable energy technologies for the year 2031 in order to reduce diesel consumption and achieve 100% renewable energy share. To do that, a long-term load demand forecast study on the Santa Cruz and Baltra islands (Galapagos), applying Artificial Neural Networks, is done. Then, to optimize the islands’ power system, mostly based on diesel generation, different renewable energy technologies together with energy storage systems, such as batteries and hydraulic pumping, have been analyzed through the application of the HOMER Pro software. For this purpose, two energy control models have been developed to gradually reduce the operating hours of the diesel power plant. The results show that these islands can achieve 100% renewable penetration with the following configuration: photovoltaic/wind turbines/batteries/pumping hydroelectric storage system/diesel generators (only as back-up). This implies increasing the photovoltaic capacity by 26 MWp and installing a pumped hydraulic storage of 374 MWh. In this way, the electricity generation cost would be reduced from $ 0.32/kWh to $ 0.23/kWh, and the CO2 emissions would decrease by 16,000 tons of CO2 into the environment.Ítem Comparative analysis of HESS (battery/supercapacitor) for power smoothing of PV/HKT, simulation and experimental analysis(Elsevier, 2022-09-17) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Benavides, Darío; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoPhotovoltaic and hydrokinetic systems are increasing their penetration in electrical distribution systems. This leads to problems of power fluctuations due to the intermittence of renewable sources that could compromise the stability and quality of the power grid. To address this issue, this paper presents a feasibility study of three power smoothing methods for a photovoltaic-hydrokinetic system using laboratory equipment to optimally replicate the real behavior of this type of hybrid system. The proposed algorithms are based on a hybrid storage system with supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, several analyzes are presented based on technical and economic parameters. The results demonstrate the feasibility of power smoothing methods for real systems, the comparison between the algorithms highlights the characteristics of the Enhanced Linear Exponential Smoothing Method, reducing the energy cost and regulating the point of common coupling voltage. Moreover, the sensitivity studies show that the energy exchange with the utility grid is affected according to the variations in the capacity of the batteries and the response to power smoothing can decrease or improve depending on the size of the supercapacitors.Ítem A comparison of sizing methods for a long-term renewable hybrid system. Case study: Galapagos Islands 2031(The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021-02-04) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThis research compares different sizing methods to improve the current autonomous hybrid system in the Galapagos Islands in the year 2031, analyzing the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). In the first place, the energy consumed in the islands for the year 2031 has been obtained, using ANN artificial neural networks with Matlab, from fundamental parameters in the design of a multilayer perceptron neural network model. Second, the methods used for sizing the system are HOMER Pro and Simulink Design Optimization (SDO). The dynamic models of the different components of the hybrid system have been made in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed hybrid system is composed of PV photovoltaic and WT wind, and lead-acid batteries, hydraulic pumping, and diesel generator as storage and support systems. Then, in order to design a sustainable system, a hybrid system has been dimensioned with renewable energy sources of an appropriate size. The LPSP values obtained are below 0.09% and 0.22%, which shows that the system has been optimally dimensioned. In addition, a cost analysis has been carried out, the values obtained from NPC and COE according to HOMER Pro are $ 183,810,067 and 0.26 $/kWh, and $ 233,385,656 and 0.25 $/kWh and using SDO are $ 148,523,110 and 0.25 $/kWh, $ 189,576,556 and 0.24 $/kWh for strategies I and II respectively of the proposed hybrid system. The data obtained shows that SDO's Latin Hypercube algorithm achieves a better optimization compared to HOMER Pro.Abstract text goes here. The abstract should be a single paragraph that summarises the content of the article.Ítem Determination of the power smoothing effect in a photovoltaic-hydrokinetic system by experimental analysis and pattern search(Elsevier, 2023-03-26) Arévalo , Paul; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoSizing optimization and power smoothing methodology in highly fluctuating grid-connected renewable systems represent important challenges nowadays, the total cost and energy quality depend on the effective balance between source and load with certain restrictions to increase reliability and enhance the use of renewable sources at all scales. This article presents a novel power smoothing effect and sizing optimization methodology for a grid-connected photovoltaic-hydrokinetic system by pattern search method comparatively with three optimization algorithms encompassing a multi-objective optimization. In this context, the method considers the reduction of power fluctuations using supercapacitors, where the objective function considers technical and economic indexes. The main contribution of the research is that the objective function decreases the fluctuation suppression ratio to sizing optimization of renewable system through three pattern search size optimization algorithms. Experiments have shown that pattern search method can find the global optimum by reducing the computational effort; the Latin hypercube algorithm reduces the photovoltaic capacity by approximately 5% and 2.3% with respect to the Nelder Mead and genetic algorithm respectively. The influence of the supercapacitor successfully reduces power fluctuations and causes an increase in self-consumption of 32.32%, this result represents an annual cost savings of 42% on energy purchased from the grid. Furthermore, this paper goes further by calculating the optimal location of a hydrokinetic turbine in a river using the HEC-RAS software to determine with high precision the HKT power fluctuations as input signal to novel proposed method.Ítem Penetrating PV sources in the electrical distribution system of Manabí province, Ecuador, using B/FS and ANN(Elsevier, 2023-09-27) Balderramo Vélez, Ney Raúl; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado -Melguizo, Francisco; Pérez-Rodríguez, Jesús Alberto; Llosas-Albuerne, YolandaPenetration of distributed generation (DG) in the electrical distribution system (EDS) of Manabí province, in Ecuador, is analysed in the present work. Zoning EDS was first done to facilitate the study and understanding of the system with the aim of knowing the existing problems to establish the necessary criteria for analysing the load flow using the Backward/Forward Sweep (B/FS) method and to know the system’s weaknesses to establish the electrical parameters included in the criteria for decision-making. Additionally, a system of artificial neural networks (ANN’s) type Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) was used to obtain the optimal location of the photovoltaic (PV) system in the EDS. Results show that 25 and 26 are the optimal nodes to locate the PV system; improving voltage by 1.14% when functioning at maximum generation up to 0.35% when generating 25% of its nominal capacity and decreasing losses by 24.11% when the system is generating at maximum capacity. Consequently, PV systems can represent a real solution to difficulties in the EDS of Manabí, whenever following technical criteria to guarantee adequate system performance.Ítem Fault analysis in clustered microgrids utilizing SVM-CNN and differential protection(Elsevier, 2024-07-10) Arévalo, Paul; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Benavides, Darío; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThe integration of distributed generation, microgrids, and renewable energy sources has significantly enhanced the resilience of modern electrical grids. However, this transition presents challenges in control, stability, safety, and protection due to low fault currents from renewables. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing novel methodologies to enhance fault detection, classification, and localization in microgrids. The literature review highlights a shift towards intelligent learning methods in microgrid protection systems, improving fault response times and identifying electrical faults, including high impedance faults. Nonetheless, existing methods often neglect high impedance fault detection and the integration of differential protection in clustered microgrids. To fill these gaps, this study presents a methodology combining support vector machines and convolutional neural networks for fault detection in microgrids, integrating differential protection for high impedance fault detection. The paper also proposes approaches to optimize protection in clustered microgrid systems. The effectiveness of the methodology is validated using Opal-RT through comparative analyses of signal decomposition techniques, performance and accuracy of support vector machines and convolutional neural networks, KFold validation, and sensitivity analysis. Results demonstrate robustness and high performance, achieving up to 100 % accuracy in fault detection and classification.Ítem Evaluation of temporal resolution impact on power fluctuations and self-consumption for a hydrokinetic on grid system using supercapacitors(Elsevier, 2022-05-18) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThe power output obtained from the hydrokinetic renewable system fluctuates with changes in weather conditions, which could cause adverse effects on the voltage, frequency and stability of the electrical grid. In this article, an evaluation of power smoothing is performed for a renewable hydrokinetic on grid system using a supercapacitor. The power fluctuations are mitigated and smoothed by the proposed energy control and supplied to the utility grid and household load. Moreover, this paper studies the impact of the temporal resolution of data sampling with respect to the self-consumption of prosumers under technical, economic and environmental parameters using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show that the fluctuations of the hydrokinetic turbine output power can be significantly mitigated, using the supercapacitor based storage system for different temporal resolutions reducing up to 90% of power peaks and power fluctuations produced by the hydrokinetic turbine and the load. Besides, the use of supercapacitors allows increasing the self-consumption of prosumers up to 17.27% for time resolutions of 1 min. Finally, the proposed control reduces up to 0.54 kgCO2/day at cost of energy 0.15 USD/kWh.Ítem Sustainable tramway, techno-economic analysis and environmental effects in an urban public transport. A comparative study(Elsevier, 2021-03-15) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Benavides, Darío; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThe problem of climate change because greenhouse gas emissions is aggravating, especially in public transport, which encourages the development of new technologies and clean energy control methods for the propulsion of vehicles such as tramways. A new energy control for a real tramway has been proposed in this paper, combining renewable sources, supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries, both components will absorb the energy from the regenerative braking of the tramway. The system has been modeled in Matlab considering certain restrictions in each component in order to supply the load on the round trip. Finally, a techno-economic and environmental analysis has been done identifying new patterns with respect to existing tramway systems. The annual energy required by the tramway is 867.62 MWh/year. The power variations are mainly supplied by the supercapacitor and the lithium ion battery functions as a backup. In this regard, the proposed system saves $ 2205,724 by supplying energy to the tramway and selling the excess energy to the grid for 20 years. Finally, the renewable system will have avoided 8,445.4 tCO2/MWh.Ítem Mitigation of carbon footprint with 100% renewable energy system by 2050: The case of Galapagos islands(Elsevier, 2022-01-17) Arévalo, Paul; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoIn this paper, a technical-economic study of the 100% renewable energy sources in the Galapagos islands is done. Historical consumption data for 2011-2020 have been considered to forecast the load curve. To achieve this goal, the load is forecasting by Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous neuronal network model for 2030 and 2050. The study focuses on supplying the energy demand of the islands with renewable sources, analyzing possible scenarios based on the current electricity system. The methodology studies the capacity of renewable sources to balance supply and demand through dispatch simulations using the EnergyPLAN software. The results show energy flows, costs and long-term energy balances (2050), with 100% renewable energy from several wind and photovoltaic combinations. Moreover, The precision of the demand forecast was 98.12% with a mean square error of 0.013%. The total annual cost decreases while the capacities of the renewable sources increase to a certain point of equilibrium. As salient features of the developed approach, various sensitivity analyzes are presented that allow understanding the uncertainties, scope and limitations of the proposed models.Ítem Neural network predictive control in renewable systems (HKT-PV) for delivered power smoothing(Elsevier, 2024-03-12) Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThe reduction of power fluctuations from intermittent renewable sources is one of the most pressing challenges today. Recent research has shown that prediction and control mechanisms, when combined with energy storage systems, significantly contribute to improving these techniques. However, substantial research gaps still exist regarding the optimization of energy storage system operability. This article introduces an innovative power smoothing method based on neural network predictive control, in conjunction with the exponential moving average method. The proposed approach encompasses the ability to substantially reduce energy fluctuations, optimize battery state of charge, and mitigate ramp rates, thereby preventing deep discharges that shorten battery lifespan. Furthermore, the control system's primary objective is to optimize energy exchange with the grid, surpassing the performance offered by other conventional power smoothing methods. The control system excels in optimizing energy exchange within the network, surpassing conventional methods. Extensive testing on the University of Cuenca microgrid reveals a consistently more stable and higher battery charge compared to conventional methods. Numerical results for underscore the method's effectiveness with a fluctuation suppression rate of 30.78% compared to 34.85% (low pass filter) and 36.22% (ramp rate) methods respectively. The enhanced voltage profiles at the common coupling point ensure the delivery of high-quality and stable power.Ítem Large-scale integration of renewable energies by 2050 through demand prediction with ANFIS, Ecuador case study(Elsevier, 2023-10-21) Arévalo, Paul; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoThe growing reliance on hydroelectric power and the risk of future droughts pose significant challenges for power systems, especially in developing countries. To address these challenges, comprehensive long-term energy planning is essential. This paper proposes an optimized electrical system for 2050, using Ecuador as a case study. For forecasting electricity demand, a Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Inference System is employed, utilizing real historical data. Subsequently, the EnergyPlan software constructs a long-term energy consumption model, exploring three scenarios based on Ecuador's energy potential. The first scenario represents a 'business as usual' approach, mirroring the current trend in the Ecuadorian electricity system. In contrast to the second scenario, it encompasses a broader range of renewable sources, including offshore wind, pumped storage, biomass, and geothermal energy. The third scenario extends the second one by incorporating demand response systems, such as vehicle-to-grid and hydrogen-to-grid technologies. In terms of novelty, this study highlights the innovative use of the Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Inference System for demand forecasting, along with a comprehensive exploration of multiple scenarios to optimize the electrical system. Research findings indicate that the integration of these new renewable energy sources not only reduces electricity import costs but also ensures surplus electricity production. Consequently, it is anticipated that the 2050 electricity system will reduce its dependence on hydroelectric energy while adopting photovoltaic and wind energy with penetration rates of 65%, 11.2%, and 9%, respectively. This transition will be facilitated by a pumped storage system with a 28% penetration rate and enhanced connectivity with neighboring countries, enabling the seamless integration of electric and hydrogen vehiclesÍtem A novel experimental method of power smoothing using supercapacitors and hydrogen for hybrid system PV/HKT(Elsevier, 2023-09-01) Arévalo, Paul; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoNowadays, the intermittent nature of renewable energy systems represents one of the most significant challenges in isolated systems, where power fluctuations can cause instability and compromise energy quality. Although hydrogen systems and supercapacitors have been widely studied in the literature, they have been less investigated as participating agents, and further research is needed in this area. This paper presents a novel power smoothing method for an off-grid system that consist of photovoltaic panels, hydrokinetic turbines, fuel cells and a hybrid storage system (hydrogen and supercapacitors). Two well-known power smoothing methods were used to generate the power signals for the new method. The main novelty is based on controlling the state of charge of the supercapacitor using the fuel cell, for the reduction of power fluctuations and efficiently hydrogen produce. First, the capacity of the renewable system is optimized using the HOMER Pro software. Then, the optimized system was used to simulate the new method proposed in Matlab-Simulink. Finally, to validate the results obtained, extensive experiments were conducted in a laboratory test bench. The results showed that the power fluctuations index was reduced by up to 50 % in the electrolyzer and 20 % in the fuel cell, with a levelized cost of electricity of 0.19 USD/kWh. Therefore, the application of the new proposed energy smoothing method significantly improves hydrogen production.Ítem Extraction and characterization of Cucumis melon seeds (Muskmelon seed oil) biodiesel and studying its blends impact on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in an internal combustion engine(Elsevier BV, 2024-05-28) Al-Bawwat, Ala’a K.; Gomaa, Mohamed R.; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco; Alsbou, Eid MusaThis study examines the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder internal combustion diesel engine when fueled with a blend of diesel and biodiesel derived from muskmelon seeds. The kinematic viscosity of the extracted muskmelon seed oil was 6.1 cSt at 40 ◦C, which is higher than the kinematic viscosity of petroleum diesel of 2.6 cSt. Muskmelon biodiesel was further analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-voltage separator tests. A comparison of the fuel properties of muskmelon biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel revealed that muskmelon biodiesel could be used alone or in a diesel– biodiesel blend to fuel compression diesel engines. In this study, muskmelon seed biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel at proportions of 10 %, 20 %, and 50 % (BD10, BD20, and BD50, respectively). At a relatively low rotational speed of 1200 rpm, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine operated with BD10 and BD20 blends were 36.1 % and 36.0 %, respectively, while the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the two blends were 0.260 kg/kWh, and 0.262 kg/kWh, respectively. These values closely resemble those typically observed in diesel fuel engines. Indeed, the average BTE of the BD20 blend was only 3.24 % less than the average BTE of diesel fuel. Diesel fuel generates less NOx and SO2 emissions compared to biodiesel blends: BD100 emitted the most NOx pollution of all fuels tested. In addition, BD10 released significantly more SO2 emissions compared to the other fuels tested. However, the BD20 blend outperformed all other blends in terms of CO, NOx, and SO2 emissions at high engine speeds. The only exception was H2S emissions, which were higher than BD50 and BD100. BD20 also exhibited significantly reduced CO emissions compared to diesel fuel, while BD10 emitted significantly more CO emissions than the other biodiesel blends. Our findings revealed that BD20 exhibited the best engine performance and lower emissions among all fuels tested. In other words, BD20 is the ideal fuel blend for use in diesel engines and does not require any alterations to the engine. Muskmelon waste seeds represent a non-edible waste stream that can be exploited in the production of biodiesel fuel, allowing for the upcycling of a potentially problematic thermochemical conversion feedstock. This potentially valuable use for waste muskmelon seeds in the energy sector could address the wastefulness associated with this particular waste stream.Ítem Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries, Nanocomposite Materials and Applications(MDPI AG, 2024-11-26) El Afia, Sara; Cano-Ortega, Antonio; Arévalo, Paul; Jurado-Melguizo, FranciscoLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal in a wide range of applications, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. The broader adoption of LIBs hinges on advancements in their safety, cost-effectiveness, cycle life, energy density, and rate capability. While traditional LIBs already benefit from composite materials in components such as the cathode, anode, and separator, the integration of nanocomposite materials presents significant potential for enhancing these properties. Nanocomposites, including carbon–oxide, polymer–oxide, and siliconbased variants, are engineered to optimize key performance metrics, such as electrical conductivity, structural stability, capacity, and charging/discharging efficiency. Recent research has focused on refining these composites to overcome existing limitations in energy density and cycle life, thus paving the way for the next generation of LIB technologies. Despite these advancements, challenges related to high production costs and scalability remain substantial barriers to the widespread commercial deployment of nanocomposite-enhanced LIBs. Addressing these challenges is essential for realizing the full potential of these advanced materials, thereby driving significant improvements in the performance and practical applications of LIBs across various industries.Ítem Tracing harmonic distortion and voltage unbalance in secondary radial distribution networks with photovoltaic uncertainties by an iterative multiphase harmonic load flow(Elsevier, 2020-03-18) de-la-Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Ruiz-Rodríguez, Francisco Javier; Jurado-Melguizo, Francisco; Sánchez-Sutil, FranciscoSecondary radial distribution networks (SRDNs) have been increasingly affected by the uncertainties of harmonic sources associated with photovoltaic (PV) systems. The quantitative assessment of uncertainty propagation causing harmonic distortion and voltage unbalance can be successively handled by probabilistic or affine formulations of harmonic load flows (HLFs). This study developed a general analytical technique (GAT) for solving iterative multiphase HLFs in SRDNs with PV uncertainties. This technique merges the point-estimate method (PEM) and complex affine arithmetic (AA), combined with Legendre series approximation (LGSA). It also models the input correlation. One advantage of this GAT is that the iterative harmonic penetration (IHP) method, modeled for HLF, accounts for the interaction of background harmonic voltage with the PV harmonic current. The first prerequisite was evidently an uncertainty model for PV harmonic current. This paper presents the results for a real unbalanced three-phase SRDN and compares them with those obtained with the Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS). These confirmed the accuracy of GAT as well as its lower computational cost. The numerical results obtained showed that the GAT outperformed the incomplete GAT (IGAT), which is solely based on PEM and Cornish-Fisher expansion, thanks to the ability of AA to bound the outputs used in the LGSA.Ítem Survey and assessment of technical and economic features for the provision of frequency control services by household-prosumers(Elsevier, 2020-07-04) López-Valdivia, Andrés; Ogayar, Blas; de-la-Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Sánchez-Sutil, FranciscoThis paper surveys and assesses the technical and economic features that are crucial in the provision of frequency control services from aggregated household-prosumers. A framework is presented that allows policy makers to accurately assess these services. Furthermore, the role of the service aggregator in the provision from prosumers is outlined, something that highlights the value of the new distributed framework. Also discussed are the key features within the overall context of the design variables in various European countries, which are representative of different synchronous areas. This finding implies that from a regulatory point of view, important efforts are being made to harmonise the different network codes in the investigated countries. Moreover, this research compares the impact of techno-economic design variables on the financial incomes of providing frequency control services. For this purpose, we used a stochastic model of input variables that involves the statistical analysis of time series. A probabilistic method based on Monte Carlo simulation allowed the assessment of the revenues. The outcomes indicate that the RES penetration in each country together with the ratios of the power availability band and of the power availability band activation, and their associated prices are crucial factors that influence the resulting profitability.Ítem Optimal sizing and management strategy for PV household-prosumers with self-consumption/sufficiency enhancement and provision of frequency containment reserve(Elsevier, 2020-06-15) de-la-Casa-Hernández, Jesús; Sánchez-Sutil, Francisco; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Francisco José; Baier, CarlosThis study provides a methodology to assess the techno-economic performance of photovoltaic householdprosumers that jointly provide self-consumption/sufficiency enhancement (SCSE) and frequency containment reserve (FCR). It thus addresses the following issues: (i) battery aging; (ii) supercapacitors joined to batteries building hybrid storage systems; (iii) management strategies of SCSE and charge level in energy storage systems; (iv) an integrated system with a 1-ms simulation step and high-resolution inputs. The methodology was applied to one Spanish household-prosumer. The study compared three charge-level management strategies by using different technical and economic performance indicators and concluded that the deadband recovery was the best. Moreover, the best techno-economic indicators were achieved by broadening the storage capacity band of unrestricted operation for SCSE (30–90%). Regarding the prosumer sizing, the optimal converter-battery configuration was determined so as to minimize the total energy supply cost. Long-term performance confirmed that when FCR provision was added to the SCSE, profitability increased up to 14.01%, with a relatively low impact on battery aging. A sensitivity analysis guaranteed a cost reduction of 3.68% for the prosumer energy and of 16% for the storage system life cycle at the optimal hybrid storage sizing. This sizing involved a 1% supercapacitor hybridization and a time constant of 150 s for power splitting.