Discrimimación de género y dominancia social. Análisis de los estereotipos de género del priming subliminal
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Fecha
2011
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
Resumen
En esta tesis doctoral se analiza y estudia la discriminación de género desde una perspec- tiva amplia, partiendo de los postulados de la teoría de la dominancia social, considerando las creencias que subyacen a este fenómeno y haciendo uso de una medida implícita de las actitudes: el priming subliminal. En el primer capítulo de la revisión teórica, se parte de las teorías clásicas para el estudio de la discriminación y el prejuicio, y se continúa con los desarrollos más actuales de sus contribuciones, así como con las aproximaciones teó- ricas contemporáneas. A continuación, el interés se centra en las aportaciones de la teoría de la dominancia social y en sus implicaciones para el estudio de la discriminación de género. Finalizamos este capítulo exponiendo la teoría del rol social para comprender la dinámica de los estereotipos de género y con el análisis detallado de las creencias básicas subyacentes a este tipo de discriminación. Estas creencias comprenden a los estereotipos de género, la identidad de género y la ideología de género. En el segundo capítulo, se revisan las medidas explícitas e implícitas de las actitudes más comúnmente utilizadas para el estudio del prejuicio y de la discriminación. Se aborda la relación de estas medi- das entre sí, así como su capacidad para predecir la conducta, describiendo los diferentes factores moderadores que pueden explicar estas relaciones. Entre las medidas implícitas, se desarrolla de manera detallada la técnica de priming, recogiendo la evidencia empírica que pone de manifiesto el importante efecto automático de los estímulos externos, incluso cuando se presentan subliminalmente, sobre el comportamiento.
Posteriormente, se describen los dos estudios empíricos realizados en esta tesis. En el primero de ellos, se analiza la vigencia de los estereotipos de género tradicionales, con el objetivo de identificar qué características se asignan en la actualidad de manera diferen- cial a mujeres y hombres, y que podrían explicar el mantenimiento de la discriminación de género en nuestra sociedad. En el segundo estudio, se analiza el efecto derivado de una tarea de priming subliminal sobre la activación e inhibición automática de los estereoti- pos de género y sus consecuencias sobre diferentes variables. Entre estas variables se es- tudia la orientación a la dominancia social (SDO), el igualitarismo, el individualismo, la
auto-asignación de estereotipos de género, la ideología de género, la identidad de género y las respuestas a una tarea de discriminación. Además, teniendo en cuenta la hipótesis de la invarianza propuesta por la teoría de la dominancia social, se analiza la capacidad del género y de todas las variables estudiadas para predecir los niveles de SDO. Finalmente, se recogen las conclusiones principales de esta tesis, en las que se destaca la contribución de la teoría de la dominancia social y el estudio de los procesos automáticos para una mayor comprensión de la discriminación de género.
In this doctoral thesis gender discrimination is analyzed from an extended perspective. This comprises the postulates of the social dominance theory, the beliefs that underlie gender discrimination and the use of an implicit measure of attitudes, which was subliminal priming. The two first chapters are focused on a theoretical revision. In the chapter 1, we part from classical theories of discrimination and prejudice, and we follow with their most current contributions, as well as with contemporary theoretical approximations. Below, the interest is centred on the contributions of the social dominance theory and its implications in the study of gender discrimination. We end this chapter applying the social role theory in the understanding of the dynamic of gender stereotypes and with the detailed analysis of the basic beliefs that underlie this type of discrimination. These beliefs comprise the gender stereotypes, the gender identity, and the gender ideology. In the second chapter, explicit and implicit measures of attitudes are revised, especially the most utilized for the study of prejudice and discrimination. In addition, the relationship between these measures as well as their ability to predict behaviour is raised, describing the different moderated factors that could explain these relationships. Among the implicit measures, the priming technique is developed in detail, gathering the empiric evidence that highlights the important automatic effect of external stimuli on behaviour, even when they are subliminally presented. Subsequently, the two empirical studies carried out in this doctoral thesis are described. In the first of them, the validity of traditional gender stereotypes is analyzed to identify which features are currently assigned differentially to women and men, and that could be explaining the maintenance of gender discrimination in our society. In the second study, the derived effect of a subliminal priming task on automatic activation and inhibition of gender stereotypes and its consequences on different variables is analyzed. Among these variables the social dominance orientation (SDO), egalitarianism, individualism, gender stereotypes self-assignment, gender ideology, gender identity and the responses to a discrimination task are studied. In addition, taking into account the invariance hypothesis proposed by the social dominance theory, the gender and other variables’ capacity to predict SDO levels is analyzed. Finally, the main conclusions of this doctoral thesis are gathered, emphasizing the contribution of social dominance theory and the studies of the automatic processes for a greater understanding of gender discrimination.
In this doctoral thesis gender discrimination is analyzed from an extended perspective. This comprises the postulates of the social dominance theory, the beliefs that underlie gender discrimination and the use of an implicit measure of attitudes, which was subliminal priming. The two first chapters are focused on a theoretical revision. In the chapter 1, we part from classical theories of discrimination and prejudice, and we follow with their most current contributions, as well as with contemporary theoretical approximations. Below, the interest is centred on the contributions of the social dominance theory and its implications in the study of gender discrimination. We end this chapter applying the social role theory in the understanding of the dynamic of gender stereotypes and with the detailed analysis of the basic beliefs that underlie this type of discrimination. These beliefs comprise the gender stereotypes, the gender identity, and the gender ideology. In the second chapter, explicit and implicit measures of attitudes are revised, especially the most utilized for the study of prejudice and discrimination. In addition, the relationship between these measures as well as their ability to predict behaviour is raised, describing the different moderated factors that could explain these relationships. Among the implicit measures, the priming technique is developed in detail, gathering the empiric evidence that highlights the important automatic effect of external stimuli on behaviour, even when they are subliminally presented. Subsequently, the two empirical studies carried out in this doctoral thesis are described. In the first of them, the validity of traditional gender stereotypes is analyzed to identify which features are currently assigned differentially to women and men, and that could be explaining the maintenance of gender discrimination in our society. In the second study, the derived effect of a subliminal priming task on automatic activation and inhibition of gender stereotypes and its consequences on different variables is analyzed. Among these variables the social dominance orientation (SDO), egalitarianism, individualism, gender stereotypes self-assignment, gender ideology, gender identity and the responses to a discrimination task are studied. In addition, taking into account the invariance hypothesis proposed by the social dominance theory, the gender and other variables’ capacity to predict SDO levels is analyzed. Finally, the main conclusions of this doctoral thesis are gathered, emphasizing the contribution of social dominance theory and the studies of the automatic processes for a greater understanding of gender discrimination.
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Palabras clave
Mujeres, Discriminación sexual, Sex discrimination against women, Feminismo, Condiciones sociales, Discriminación respecto a mujeres