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Ítem Aboveground Carbon Fixation and Nutrient Retention in Temporary Spontaneous Cover Crops in Olive Groves of Andalusia(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2022-06-01) Torrús-Castillo, Milagros; Domouso, Pablo; Herrera-Rodríguez, José M.; Calero, Julio; García-Ruiz, RobertoIn Southern Spain, olive trees have traditionally been cultivated in marginal areas with relatively shallow and bare soils under rainfed conditions, resulting in heavy soil losses and soil degradation. The implementation of temporary spontaneous cover crops in the inter-rows of olive groves, has proven to be a suitable diversification strategy to reduce soil erosion but it can also contribute to climate change mitigation and the boosting of internal nutrient recycling. However, information on the contribution of cover crops to atmospheric CO2 fixation and on nutrient retention in olive groves is scarce, which is a major drawback when it comes to modelling on larger spatial scales. In this study, we aimed to assess the potential effects of temporary spontaneous cover crops in olive groves on CO2 fixation and nutrient retention. The aerial biomass of cover crops (0.25m(2) frames) and contents of carbon and nitrogen (CNHS analyser), phosphorus and potassium (IPC-MS) were analyzed in 46 commercial olive groves with different tree densities and cover crop layouts; the whole farm (WCC), the whole farm except the area below the tree canopy (CCC) or in bands of a given width in the inter-row area (BCC). Cover crops of 56% of the olive groves were under BCC whereas only 17% were under WCC. The annual net primary production of cover crops under WCC (1,707.4 kg DM ha(-1) y(-1)) was significantly higher than that of CCC (769.5 kg DM ha(-1) y(-1)) and with intermediate values for BCC (1,186.4 kg DM ha(-1) y(-1)). Similarly, the annual rate of C-CO2 fixation in the annual net primary production of olive groves with WCC (642.1 kg C ha(-1) y(-1)) was 1.35 and 2.1 times higher than the olive groves with BCC and CCC, respectively. On average, 19.5 kg N ha(-1) y(-1), 2.48 kg P ha(-1) y(-1) and 24.30 kg K ha(-1) y(-1) was accumulated in the biomass of the cover crops. This study demonstrates that cover crops contribute significantly to CO2 reduction and the retention of significant amounts of tree-unused nutrients. In addition, the higher the area covered by cover crops, the higher the contribution to these ecosystem services.Ítem In situ Raman spectroscopic study of marble capitals in the Alhambra monumental ensemble(Springer, 2016-11-11) Arjonilla, Paz; Domínguez-Vidal, Ana; de la Torre-López, María José; Rubio-Domene, Ramón; Ayora-Cañada, María JoséÍtem Decorated plasterwork in the Alhambra investigated by Raman spectroscopy: comparative field and laboratory study(Wiley, 2014-01-22) Domínguez-Vidal, Ana; de la Torre-López, María José; Campos-Suñol, María José; Rubio-Domene, Ramón; Ayora-Cañada, María JoséÍtem Gold in the Alhambra: study of materials, technologies, and decay processes on decorative gilded plasterwork(Wiley, 2014-02-24) de la Torre-López, María José; Domínguez-Vidal, Ana; Campos-Suñol, María José; Rubio-Domen, Ramón; Schade, Ulrich; Ayora-Cañada, María JoséÍtem In situ noninvasive Raman microspectroscopic investigation of polychrome plasterworks in the Alhambra(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012-10-05) Domínguez-Vidal, Ana; de la Torre-López, María José; Rubio-Domene, Ramón; Ayora-Cañada, María JoséÍtem Characterization of Wall Paintings of the Harem Court in the Alhambra Monumental Ensemble: Advantages and Limitations of In Situ Analysis(MDPI, 2022-02-23) Arjonilla, Paz; Domínguez-Vidal, Ana; Rubio Domene, Ramón; Correa Gómez, Elena; de la Torre-López, María José; Ayora-Cañada, María JoséÍtem Mobility and Bioavailability of Metal(loid)s in a Fluvial System Affected by the Mining and Industrial Processing of Pb(MDPI, 2021-04-06) Cortada, Unai; Hidalgo, María Carmen; Martínez, Julián; de la Torre, María JoséÍtem Spectroscopic Investigation ofWall Paintings in the Alhambra Monumental Ensemble: Decorations with Red Bricks(MDPI, 2021-04-14) Arjonilla, Paz; Ayora-Cañada, María José; de la Torre-López, María José; Correa Gómez, Elena; Rubio Domene, Ramón; Domínguez-Vidal, AnaÍtem Does spontaneous cover crop increase the stocks of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in commercial olive orchard?(Elsevier, 2024-12) Pareja-Sánchez, Evangelina; Calero, Julio; García-Ruiz, RobertoManagement practices in the inter-row area of olive orchards are undergoing significant transformations. Current regulations and recommendations are increasingly advocating the implementation of temporary spontaneous cover crops (TSCV) mainly to reduce erosion. Existing research has predominantly focused on evaluating the effectiveness of TSCV in mitigating soil erosion in olive orchards, with limited attention given to carbon (C) cycling, despite the potential of TSCV for contributing to the removal of atmospheric CO2 and in the reduction of eroded carbon. Moreover, the limited number of studies on the effects of TSCV on C cycling have been confined to a few experimental sites and at the short term. This study aimed to assess the potential of TSCV to enhance carbon sequestration and nitrogen retention in rainfed commercial olive orchards under semi-arid conditions. To achieve this, we evaluated the annual aboveground organic carbon input due to TSCV, as well as the stocks of soil organic (SOC) and inorganic (SIC) carbon and total N (STN) in 24 commercial olive groves with calcareous Regosols and calcium Cambisols as the predominant soil types that have implemented TSCV for at least the last 8 years. These were compared with 24 comparable groves with bare soil (BS). Net aboveground annual carbon and CO2 fixation of the TSCV averaged 125.7 kg C ha-1 y-1 and 460 kg CO2 ha-1 y-1, respectively, which are figures relatively low mainly due to the low area covered by the TSCV. After eight years of implementing TSCV, the SOC stocks increased by an average of 2.03 Mg C ha-1 (in the top 30 cm of soil) compared to BS olive orchards. Moreover, SOC content of unprotected (>250 μm) and physically protected (53–250 μm) fractions were 82 and 38 % higher in the TSCV olive farms. Although there was a tendency of lower SIC content in TSCV olive orchards, differences were not significant. The STN content and the potentially mineralizable nitrogen in TSCV farms were on average 26 % and 77 % higher than in BS olive orchards. These findings underscore the potential of TSCV for organic carbon accumulation and nitrogen retention in the soil, contributing to climate change mitigation and soil fertility enhancement. Increasing vegetation coverage and productivity can enhance their effectiveness.Ítem Nitrogen recycling across a spectrum of fertilization strategies: an assessment in olive groves(Elsevier, 2024-09-15) Domouso, Pablo; Calero, Julio; Ruiz-Cátedra, Gustavo; García-Ruiz, RobertoUnder the Zero pollution action, there is a strong emphasis on promoting management practices that enhance nitrogen (N) cycling to decrease reliance on inorganic N fertilizers and mitigate potential environmental impacts. Olive (Olea europaea L.) groves constitute the dominant landscape of many areas of Southern Mediterranean as Andalusia (Spain). Different farming models coexist in the olive sector, but they had not been studied in the context of N cycle. By integrating field and model data, we analyzed N flows, N balance, levels of N cycling closure, and N footprints in olive groves employing various cultivation models. Farms were categorized on: Org (organic external fertilization, high level of biomass recycling, temporary spontaneous cover crops), Tra (organic external fertilization, low recycling, bare soil), Int (inorganic external fertilization, low recycling, bare soil) and IPr (inorganic or organic external fertilization, low recycling, temporary spontaneous cover crops). Tree N demand, averaging 55 kg ha-1 y-1, correlated with fruit production and canopy area, making them suitable proxies for calculating N demand without exhaustive sampling. The N balance was positive for all farming models, with the Org model showing a more neutral balance (+7.4 kg N ha-1 y-1) and the IPr olive farms showing surpluses (+40.2 kg ha-1 y-1). In Org farms, annual N inputs were the lowest and rely on natural entries like N fixation, while Cycling Index was significantly higher than those of other groups (between 1.45 and 1.81 times). This was attributed to N recirculation mechanisms such as cover crops, shredding tree pruning, and returning harvested N through composted olive mill pomace. Soil erosion, often overlooked, emerged as a major N outflow, especially in Org farms with the highest soil N content, resulting in the highest N losses per liter of oil. Per liter of olive oil, Trad, Ipr, and Int farms use between 1.9 and 2.2 times more anthropogenic N inputs than Org farms. Overall, our results highlight significant potential to enhance internal N cycling, increase self-sufficiency, and extend the lifespan of N in olive farming by implementing scalable management practices that promote nature-based processes.Ítem Does olive cultivation sequester carbon? Carbon balance along a C input gradient(Elsevier, 2023-12) Torrús-Castillo, Milagros; Calero, Julio; García-Ruiz, RobertoCurrently, there are some initiatives aimed at transforming agriculture from being a source to a sink of greenhouse gases, mainly by encouraging combination of management practices that drive nature-based climate processes (NbCS) resulting in an increase in the stocks of soil and biomass organic carbon. Olive grove cultivation represents a key socio-economic and environmental asset for Mediterranean rural regions. Being a woody crop planted in an orchard fashion, the potential for organic carbon accumulation in the biomass and the soil is very high. In this study, farm, trees and soil carbon balances were analysed in 12 pairs of olive groves located in Southern Spain with different tree densities, age, varieties and irrigation regimens. One from each pair of the olive groves has applied (> 8 years) a combination of management practices that promote NbCS resulting in an increase in the entry of carbon, whereas the other comparable nearby olive grove has not implemented management practices that promote NbCS or C entries (non-NbCS). C balance at the farm level was mainly neutral or positive and averaged + 1.20 Mg C ha−1 y−1. However, C balance in the NbCS olive groves was 5 times higher than that of the non-NbCS. The mean soil C balances were negative (−0.18 Mg C ha−1 y−1; losing soil organic C) in the non-NbCS and positive (+1.48 Mg C ha−1y−1) in the NbCS olive groves thanks to the increase in the carbon entries due to the management practices which boost NbCS. This study highlights the important contribution of olive farming in mitigating climate change, which in turn would be an economic incentive for olive growers. Nonetheless, there is a high potential for improvement by implementing management practices which enhance nature-based processes such as the cultivation of temporary spontaneous cover crops and the application of shredded tree pruning and composted olive mill pomace and/or manure to the soil.Ítem Correlation of banana productivity levels and soil morphological properties using regularized optimal scaling regression(Elsevier, 2022-06) Olivares, Barlin O.; Calero, Julio; Rey, Juan C.; Lobo, Deyanira; Landa, Blanca B.Soil morphological properties described in the field, such as texture, consistence or structure, provide a valuable tool for the evaluation of soil productivity potential. In this study, we developed a regression model between the soil morphological variables of banana plantations and a crop Productivity Index (PI) previously developed for the same areas in Venezuela. For this, we implemented categorical regression, an optimal scaling procedure in which the morphological variables are transformed into a numerical scale, and can thus be entered in a multiple regression analysis. The model was developed from data from six plantations growing “Gran Nain” bananas, each with two productivity levels (high and low), in two 4-ha experimental plots, one for each productivity level. Sixty-three A horizons in thirty-six soils were described using 15 field morphological variables on a nominal scale for structure type, texture and hue, and an ordinal scale for the rest (structure grade, structure size, wet and dry consistence, stickiness, plasticity, moist value, chroma, root abundance, root size, biological activity and reaction to HCl). The optimum model selected included biological activity, texture, dry consistence, reaction to HCl and structure type variables. These variables explained the PI with an R2 of 0.599, an expected prediction error (EPE) of 0.645 and a standard error (SE) of 0.135 using bootstrapping, and EPE of 0.662 with a SE of 0.236 using 10- fold cross validation. Our study showed how soil quality is clearly related to productivity on commercial banana plantations, and developed a way to correlate soil quality indicators to yield by using indicators based on easily measured soil morphological parameters. The methodology used in this study might be further expanded to other banana-producing areas to help identify the soils most suitable for its cultivation, thereby enhancing its environmental sustainability and profitability.Ítem The role of cover crops in the loss of protected and non-protected soil organic carbon fractions due to water erosion in a Mediterranean olive grove(Elsevier, 2021-09) López-Vicente, Manuel; Gómez, José A.; Guzmán, Gloria; Calero, Julio; García-Ruiz, RobertoSoil erosion plays an important role in C cycling at farm scale, especially in bare soil areas. In Mediterranean woody crops, temporary cover crops (CC) effectively reduce soil erosion and increase total and protected soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions. However, the effects of CC in olive groves on the preferential loss of organic carbon (Corg) fractions remains poorly understood. To address this issue, in four plots with seeded CC and two tilled plots (CT) in a Spanish olive grove, the unprotected and protected Corg fractions were measured in soil and sediments over the course of a hydrological year. The sediment/soil C enrichment ratios (ERSOC) were calculated, and results analysed considering the rainfall regimes of the site: dry (DS), heavy-rainy (HRS) and rainy (RS). Total, unprotected and protected Corg contents in the top 5 cm soil of CC plots were 46 %, 88.4 % and 28.5 %, respectively, higher than those of CT. 79.7 % and 70.3 % of the annual sediment yield (SY) was collected during December in CC and CT plots, respectively. Soil loss in CC plots (x¯ = 9.2 Mg ha–1 yr–1) was significantly lower (−55.6 %) than that in CT plots. Despite that the average eroded Corg was higher in the CT (x¯ = 222 kg C ha–1 yr–1) compared to CC (x¯ = 148 kg C ha–1 yr–1) plots differences were not significant due to the higher Corg concentration in the sediment from CC plots. The highest proportion of eroded Corg (44%–45%) corresponded to the physically protected fraction. The highest ERSOC (1.99 and 2.04 for CC and CT, respectively) was recorded in DS whereas the lowest was in the RS (0.90) and HRS (0.96) seasons. The mean ERSOC were of 1.00 and 0.92 in the CC and CT plots, with no significant difference. The fact that most of the SY was recorded in one month, when CC plants were not fully developed, might explain the ERSOC at 1, and why their presence did not modify it. This study demonstrates that CC favours greater total, unprotected and protected Corg fractions in the topsoil, promoting soil C sequestration. The asynchrony between the periods of full development of the CC plants and those with the highest rainfall erosivity prevented any selectiveness of the eroded Corg. Thus, fast-growing CC plant species with short life-cycles are recommended, as well as adequate management to promote self-seeding avoiding soil disturbance for seeding in erosion prone seasons.Ítem Pedogenic information from fine sand: A study in Mediterranean soils(Wiley, 2020-07) Martín-García, Juan M.; Molinero-García, Alberto; Calero, Julio; Sánchez-Marañón, Manuel; Fernández-González, María V.; Delgado, RafaelThe fine sand fraction (50–250 μm) of Mediterranean soils from southern Spain provides valuable information on soil genesis and the origin of their parent materials. This study considers the whole fine sand and heavy fine sand (ρ > 2.82 g cm−3) of Luvisols, Calcisols and Fluvisols, which form a chronosequence (ages from 600 to 0.3 ka) of the River Guadalquivir terrace system. Advanced techniques (X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, variable pressure scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system and Raman analysis) were employed. Inheritance is the principal pedogenic process. The whole fine sand consisted of carbonates (calcite and dolomite), tectosilicates (quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclases), phyllosilicates (illite/moscovite, biotite, Na-mica, chlorite, kaolinite, interstratified vermiculite-chlorite, vermiculite-illite and smectite-illite) and iron oxides (goethite and haematite). The minor minerals (rutile, anatase, ilmenite, zircon, staurolite, monazite, barite, apatite, andalusite, garnet and titanite) are concentrated, also through inheritance, in the heavy fine sand. However, there is also substantiated evidence for neoformation of rutile in these soils, never reported previously. In addition, we report that (a) the geochemical indices calculated in fine sand (SiO2/CaO, Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), Weathering Index of Parker (WIP), Weathering Index (WI), Base Depletion Index (BDI), Weathering Ratio (WR) and Sr/Zr) are closely related to soil age, allowing chronofunctions to be established, and (b) geochemical indices provide information on the origin of soils and permit the establishment of a “critical point” corresponding to “time zero;” that is, the start of pedogenic alteration of the parent material.Ítem Lanthanides in granulometric fractions of Mediterranean soils. Can they be used as fingerprints of provenance?(Wiley, 2019-03-01) Martín-García, Juan M.; Molinero-García, Alberto; Calero, Julio; Fernández-González, María V.; Párraga, Jesús; Delgado, RafaelThere is geochemical interest in the lanthanides because they behave like a group that is closely related to the parent materials during surface processes, although they also undergo fractionation as a result of supergene dynamics. We analysed lanthanide concentrations (ICPms) in the granulometric fractions fine sand, clay and free forms of clay (FFclay-CDB and FFclay-Ox: extracted with citrate-dithionite-sodium bicarbonate and with ammonium oxalate, respectively) from a soil chronosequence of Mediterranean soils. There was a relative enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in the clay fraction and its free forms with respect to fine sand. The clay free forms behaved as scavengers of lanthanides, and oxidative scavenging of cerium (Ce) in FFclay-CDB was also detected. Lanthanide concentrations (lanthanum to gadolinium in fine sand; terbium to lutetium in clay) varied with soil age, and chronofunctions were established. There was a strong positive collinearity between most of the lanthanide concentrations. Furthermore, the value of the correlation index (Pearson's r) of the concentrations between couples of lanthanides (r(CLC)) decreased significantly with increasing separation between the elements in the periodic table; this has never been described in soils. Several geochemical properties and indices in the fine sand and clay soil fractions and in the geological materials of the Guadalquivir catchment showed, on the one hand, a genetic relation between them all, enabling the lanthanides to be used as fingerprints of provenance; on the other hand, fractionation between fine sand and clay showed these are actively involved in soil lanthanide dynamics.Ítem Assessment of tailings ponds by means of a combination of electrical (ERT and IP) and hydrochemical techniques (Linares, southern Spain).(Springer, 2021) Rey, Javier; Martínez, Julián; Hidalgo, M. Carmen; Mendoza, Rosendo; Sandoval, SenenAccumulated mine waste in certain locations in the abandoned mining district of Linares-La Carolina (southern Spain) contain high levels of metals. Therefore, in recent years, many of these tailings ponds have been restored and sealed. This study assessed the efficacy of two geophysical techniques, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarisation (IP), combined with hydrochemical studies, as tools to image the effectiveness of the encapsulation. In the bedrock, ERT profiles distinguished a surficial layer of moderate-low resistivity values (below 80 Ω m), associated with alluvial sands or altered granite, and a deeper zone of high resistivity (up to 1000 Ω m) related to unaltered granite basement. Lateral changes in resistivity were identified inside the upper layer and downstream of the tailings pond. The IP profiles detected local anomalies in the chargeability values (up to 8 mV/V), unusual in granitic rocks. The locations with high chargeability also had low resistivity, which typically indicates the percolation of mining leachates in the underlying altered granites. Integration of geological and geochemical information confirmed this interpretation. This work verified that the combined use of ERT and IP methods were effective for monitoring ancient tailings ponds and for assessing tailings encapsulation.Ítem Testing the Efficacy of Indirect Methods on Characterization of Sedimentary Basins by Correlation of Direct Data and Geophysical Techniques(MDPI, 2024) Rey, Javier; Mendoza, Rosendo; Hidalgo, M. Carmen; Marinho, BrunaThe information obtained from direct data (geological mapping and boreholes) and indirect techniques (reflection seismology, time-domain electromagnetics and magnetometry) is combined to analyse the northern limit of the Bailén basin (southeastern Spain). This Triassic–Neogene basin is confined by a graben-type structure, limited by two normal faults in the SW–NE direction (the Baños de la Encina-La Carolina fault and Guarromán fault). The movement of these faults was complex, with different pulses occurring over time. Therefore, the subsidence of the basin and the sedimentary filling of the graben were different, giving rise to lateral changes in the facies and thicknesses. This study focuses on the Baños de la Encina fault, chosen as the experimental site to analyse the effectiveness and accuracy of these geophysical techniques to reveal the basement structure and geometry. Seismic reflection allows to detect two faults that caused the subsidence of the eastern sector of the graben. The TDEM method made it possible to calculate the depth of the Palaeozoic basement, as well as reveal the presence of the two aforementioned faults. Magnetic total field data highlight variations in the basement depth that can be used to infer previously unknown fractures, in this case, in the NW–SE direction.Ítem Oxidation Dynamics and Composition of the Flotation Plant Derived Tailing Impoundment Aquisgrana (Spain)(Springer, 2019) Rojas, Diego; Hidalgo, M. Carmen; Kohfahl, Claus; Rey, Javier; Martínez, Julián; Benavente, JoséÍtem Early development and OAE 1a-linked demise of a carbonate platform in the western Tethys: Lower Cretaceous of Sierra Mariola (South Iberian Paleomargin, SE Spain)(Elsevier, 2024) Martínez-Rodríguez, R.; Castro, J.M.; de Gea, G.A.; Nieto, L.M.; Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A.; Skelton, P.W.A carbonate platform succession of early Aptian age is described from the Sierra Mariola, which is located within the Prebetic Zone of the Betic External Zones (BEZ) of the Southern Iberian Palaeomargin, in SE Spain. The facies and stratigraphic architecture of the studied succession are described and analysed from multiple logged sections to characterize different depositional environments. The cyclic stacking of facies observed suggests a possible orbital forcing of climate transmitted to sedimentation. Superbundles are recognized describing two sequences of Regressive-Transgressive (R-T) evolution. Analysis of carbon-isotope data identifies both the interval before the hyperthermal event of the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 1a) and the onset of the latter event, with an abrupt change in sedimentation marking the demise of the carbonate platform. The field outcrop thus preserves a record of the transition from a greenhouse world to a hothouse event.Ítem Environmental conditions in the pre-Jenkyns event time (late Pliensbachian - early Toarcian) in the South Iberian Palaeomargin (Betic External Zones, Southern Spain)(Springer, 2024-10-18) Nieto, L.M.; Ayadi, C.; Fraguas, A.; Molina, J.M.; Reolid, M.Three stratigraphic sections of the Betic External Zones were studied, two from the Median Subbetic (PEL and PR) and one from the External Subbetic (CE). The upper Pliensbachian materials and the transition to the lower Toarcian were dated with calcareous nannofossils in PEL and PR in this paper, while in the CE section, previous ammonite and nannofossil biostratigraphies were considered. The dominant facies are alternance of marly limestone—marl, although in the CE section, the Toarcian is represented by marls, where the Jenkyns Event has been recorded. In terms of ichnofossils, in the PEL section Macaronichnus predominates. In the PR and CE sections, the ichnoassemblages are dominated by Planolites, Thalassinoides and Chondrites. The facies and ichnofacies distinguished formed in pelagic or hemipelagic marine environments. Analysis of the correlation between δ13C and δ18O and of each of them with Sr and Fe/Ca and Sr/Ca, as well as the Z-factor, indicate that the geochemical signal has not been modified by diagenesis. In the PEL and PR sections, the δ13C and δ18O ratios do not allow to clearly identify isotopic events, except in CE where the Jenkyns Event was recorded. The proxies used to study detritism (Zr/Rb, Sr/Cu, Chemical Index Alteration, CIA, and C-value) show trends opposite to those detected in other Tethys sections and even between them. These peculiarities in the geochemical data are interpreted as the result of the opening of the Hispanic Corridor, the mixing of Panthalassa and Tethys seawaters and extensional tectonics, which favoured the development of half grabens with significant differential subsidence, especially during the NJT5b Subzone (latest Pliensbachian). These half grabens could be affected by contourite currents according to the Macaronichnus assemblage in some of these sections.