DIGDP-Artículos
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Ítem Methodology for intelligent plastic injection point location based on geometric algorithms and discrete topologies for virtual digital twin environments(FEDERACION ASOCIACIONES INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES ESPANAALAMEDA DE MAZARREDO, BILBAO 69-48009, SPAIN, 2014-01) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Martin-Doñate, CristinaImplementing intelligent design models can revolutionize the use of digital twins, which are crucial in product design by incorporating intelligent algorithms. This perspective is especially important for the design of injection-molded plastic parts, a complex process that often requires expert knowledge and costly simulation software not available to all companies. This article presents an innovative methodology for locating injection points in injection-molded parts using intelligent models with geometric algorithms for discrete topologies. The first algorithm calculates the center of mass of the discrete model based on the center of mass of each triangular facet in the system, ensuring uniform molten plastic distribution during mold cavity filling. Two sub-algorithms intelligently evaluate the geometry and optimal injection point location. The first sub-algorithm generates a geometric matrix based on a two-dimensional nodal quadrature adapted to the part's bounding box. The second sub-algorithm projects the nodal matrix and associated circular areas orthogonally on the part's surface along the demolding direction. The optimal injection point location is determined by minimizing the distance to the center of mass from the first algorithm's result. This novel methodology has been validated through rheological simulations in six case studies with complex geometries. The results demonstrate uniform and homogeneous molten plastic distribution with minimal pressure loss during the filling phase. Importantly, this methodology does not require expert intervention, reducing time and costs associated with manual injection mold feed system design. It is also adaptable to various design environments and virtual twin systems, not tied to specific CAD software. The validated results surpass the state of the art, offering an agile alternative for digital twin applications in new product design environments, reducing dependence on experts, facilitating designer training, and ultimately cutting costsÍtem PARAMETRIC DESIGN AND ADAPTIVE SIZING OF LATTICE STRUCTURES FOR 3D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING(FEDERACION ASOCIACIONES INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES ESPANAALAMEDA DE MAZARREDO, BILBAO 69-48009, SPAIN, 2025-01) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Diaz-Perete, Daniel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Angel; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThe present research is developed into the realm of industrial design engineering and additive manufacturing by introducing a parametric design model and adaptive mechanical analysis for a new lattice structure, with a focus on 3D additive manufacturing of complex parts. Focusing on the land-scape of complex parts additive manufacturing, this research proposes geometric parameterization, mechanical adaptive sizing, and numerical validation of a novel lattice structure to optimize the final printed part volume and mass, as well as its structural rigidity. The topology of the lattice structures exhibited pyramidal geometry. Complete parameterization of the lattice structure ensures that the known geometric parameters adjust to defined restrictions, enabling dynamic adaptability based on its load states and boundary conditions, thereby enhancing its mechanical performance. The core methodology integrates analytical automation with mechanical analysis by employing a model based in two-dimensional beam elements. The dimensioning of the lattice structure is analyzed using rigidity models of its sub-elements, providing an evaluation of its global structural behavior after applying the superposition principle. Numerical validation was performed to validate the proposed analytical model. This step ensures that the analytical model defined for dimensioning the lattice structure adjusts to its real mechanical behavior and allows its validation. The present manuscript aims to advance additive manufacturing methodologies by offering a systematic and adaptive approach to lattice structure design. Parametric and adaptive techniques foster new industrial design engineering methods, enabling the dynamic tailoring of lattice structures to meet their mechanical demands and enhance their overall efficiency and performance.Ítem Enhancing complex injection mold design validation using 2 multicombined RV environments(MDPI, 2024-04) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Garcia-Molina, Diego Francisco; Gutierrez-Jimenez, Bartolomé; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThe intricate design of real complex injection molds poses significant challenges. Mold design validation often falls to operators with tool-handling experience but limited CAD proficiency. Unlike other industries, the scale and costs of injection mold fabrication hinder prototyping before production. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a revolutionary solution offering a safe, immersive, and realistic experience and accessible using QR codes. This paper presents a new multimodal virtual environment tailored to validate mold design complexities. Integrating knowledge-enriched visual tools like interactive 3D models and dynamic visualizations enables users to explore complex mold designs. Statistical analyses, including the Wilcoxon test, unveil significant differences in interference detection, internal topology tracking, and validation of assembly and disassembly accessibility for both small and large mold components when comparing validation conducted through traditional means using solely CAD systems versus the utilization of multidimensional validation methods. Efficiency gains in using VR devices for mold design validation in a hybrid environment in the analysis of relative frequencies. The present study surpasses the state of the art illustrating how VR technology can substantially reduce manufacturing errors in injection molding processes, thereby offering important advantages for manufacturers emerging as an essential tool for this impact industry in the next years.Ítem Energy Recovery from Polymeric 3D Printing Waste and Olive Pomace Mixtures via Thermal Gasification—Effect of Temperature(MDPI, 2023-02) Diaz-Perete, Daniel; Hermoso-Orzaez, Manuel Jesus; Carmo-Calado, Luis; Martin-Doñate, Cristina; Terrados-Cepeda, JulioOne of the polymeric materials used in the most common 3D printers is poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG). It represents, in world terms, around 2.3% of polymeric raw material used in additive manufacturing. However, after processing this material, its properties change irreversibly. A significant amount of waste is produced around the world, and its disposal is usually destined for landfill or incineration, which can generate an important issue due to the high environmental risks. Polymer waste from 3D printing, hereinafter 3DPPW, has a relatively high calorific value and adequate characteristics to be valued in thermochemical processes. Gasification emerges as an innovative and alternative solution for recovering energy from 3DPPW, mixed with residues of lignocellulosic origin, and presents some environmental advantages compared to other types of thermochemical treatments, since the gasification process releases smaller amounts of NOx into the atmosphere, SOx, and CO2. In the case of the study, co-gasification of olive pomace (OLB) was carried out with small additions of 3DPPW (10% and 20%) at different temperatures. Comparing the different gasifications (100% OLB, 90% OLB + 10% 3DPPW, 80% OLB + 20% 3DPPW), the best results for the synthesis gas were obtained for the mixture of 10% 3DPPW and 90% olive pomace (OLB), having a lower calorific value of 6.16 MJ/m(3), synthesis gas yield of 3.19%, and cold gas efficiency of 87.85% for a gasification temperature of 750 degrees C. In addition, the results demonstrate that the addition of 3DPPW improved the quality of syngas, especially between temperatures of 750 and 850 degrees C. Including polymeric 3D printing materials in the context of the circular economy and extending their life cycle helps to improve the efficiency of subsequent industrial processes, reducing process costs in general, thanks to the new industrial value acquired by the generated by-products.Ítem WEEE polymers valorization, its use as fuel in the gasification process and revaluation of the inert by-products obtained: Sustainable mortars as a solution(Cell Press, 2023-09) Diaz-Perete , Daniel; Hermoso-Orzaez, Manuel Jesus; Terrados-Cepeda, Julio; Silva-Romano, Pedro; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThe global production of polymer materials has exploded in the last few decades. Their mechanical properties, erosion and corrosion resistance, good performance as insulation materials, and their ease and flexibility of manufacturing have made polymers one of the most widely used materials in the industry and in daily life. Several institutions and governments are beginning to raise serious environmental and ecological concerns with international impact soon, due to the increasing level of polymer production, which does not seem to be slowing down. It is necessary for the scientific community to make efforts in the development and evaluation of new methodologies to enable the inclusion of these types of materials in the circular economy of various production sectors. This is important in order to reduce the ecological impact caused by the current global production level of polymers. One of the most used methods for the recovery of polymeric materials is energy valorization through thermochemical processes. An example of this is thermal gasification using fuels composed of biomass and a mixture of polymeric waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Through this thermochemical process, high-energy value synthesis gas, with a high concentration of hydrogen, is obtained on one hand, while waste products in the form of chars, ashes and slag are generated on the other hand. This manuscript presents a detailed study methodology that begins with chemical analysis of the raw material and includes subsequent analysis of mechanical results for the revaluation of these residual inert by-products, using them as partial substitutes in cement clinker to produce building mortars. This described methodology influences directly in the LCC (Life Cycle Costing) of final designed products in plastic and extend material life cycle Plastic materials are here to stay, so the study and optimization of polymer waste recovery processes are vital in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the European Union in terms of efficiency and sustainability. It is also the only possible way to create an environmentally sustainable future world for future generations. After applying the described methodology, the mechanical test results show that the modified mortars exhibit established behaviour during the hardening time and similar strength growth compared to commercial mortars. The maximum mechanical strengths achieved,including compressive and flexural strength, make modified mortars a viable choice for several applications in the civil engineering sector.Ítem A novel geometric predictive algorithm for assessing Compressive Elastic Modulus in MEX additive processes, based on part nonlinearities and layers stiffness, validated with PETG and PLA materials(Elsevier, 2024-04) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Martin-Doñate, CristinaMEX (Material Extrusion) is an intrusive technological process that inherently induces alterations in the elastic and mechanical parameters of plastic materials. Manufacturers provide initial mechanical parameters for plastic filaments, which undergo modifications during MEX manufacturing, influenced by intrinsic manufacturing factors such as temperature and pressure changes, as well as geometric and technological parameters of the 3D additive process. These factors, compounded by the inherent geometric nonlinearities in plastic components, directly impact the post-manufacture mechanical and elastic properties of the material. Presently, material characterization in MEX manufacturing relies on manual experimental testing, necessitating new tests for any variation in manufacturing parameters. In this scenario of mechanical uncertainty, rigorously validating component behavior involves costly experimental trials. Intending to solve the problems of MEX components manufacturing, the paper presents an innovative methodology based on the use of a new predictive algorithm created by the researchers capable of obtaining the elastic modulus of a plastic material manufactured with MEX and its mechanical behaviour in the elastic zone under compressive loads. The predictive algorithm only needs as input the compressive elastic modulus of the isotropic plastic material filament and the manufacturing parameters of the MEX process. The smart developed algorithm calculates the stiffness of each layer considering the number of holes in the projected area. The innovative predictive algorithm has been experimentally and numerically validated using PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) material and PLA (Polylactic Acid) on test specimens and on a case study of variable topology. The results show deviations from [0.2% – 4.3%] for PETG and [0.4%] for PLA concerning the experimental tests and [1.1%-13.5%], to the numerical analyses. In this line, the presented algorithm greatly improves the results obtained by the simulation software since this software currently can not consider the geometric and technological parameters associated with the 3D manufacturing process of the component. The predictive algorithm is valid for each print pattern and manufacturing direction. The new algorithm improves the existing state of the art significantly since this algorithm extends its utility to most plastic polymer materials suitable for MEX 3D printing, provided that the mechanical and elastic properties of the filament are known. Its versatility extends to complex component geometries subjected to uniaxial compression loads, eliminating the need for mechanical analysis software or expensive experimental validations.Ítem Using numerical-experimental analysis to evaluate rPET mechanical behavior under compressive stresses and MEX additive manufacturing for new sustainable designs(Emerald Publishing, 2023-07-26) Mercado-Colmenero , Jorge Manuel; La Rubia, M.Dolores; Mata-Garcia, Elena; Rodriguez-Santiago, Moises; Martin-Doñate, CristinaPurpose: Because of the anisotropy of the process and the variability in the quality of printed parts, finite element analysis is not directly applicable to recycled materials manufactured using fused filament fabrication. This study investigates the numerical-experimental mechanical behavior modeling of the recycled polymer rPET manufactured by MEX (Material Extrusion) process under compressive stresses for new sustainable designs. Design/Methodology: Forty-two test specimens were manufactured and analyzed according to the ASTM D695-15 standards. Eight numerical analyzes were performed on a real design manufactured with rPET using Young's compression modulus from the experimental tests. Finally, eight additional experimental tests under uniaxial compression loads were performed on the real sustainable design for validating its mechanical behavior versus computational numerical tests. Findings: As a result of the experimental tests, rPET behaves linearly until it reaches the elastic limit, along each manufacturing axis. The results confirmed the design's structural safety by the load scenario and operating boundary conditions. Experimental and numerical results show a difference of 0.001 mm to 0.024 mm, allowing for the rPET to be configured as isotropic in numerical simulation software without having to modify its material modeling equations. Practical implications: The results obtained are of great help to industry, designers, and researchers because they validate the use of recycled rPET for the ecological production of real-sustainable products using MEX technology under compressive stress and its configuration for numerical simulations. Major design companies are now using recycled plastic materials in their high-end designs. Originality: Validation results have been presented on test specimens and real ítems, comparing experimental material configuration values with numerical results. Specifically, no industrial or scientific work has been conducted with rPET subjected to uniaxial compression loads for characterizing experimentally and numerically the material using these results for validating a real case of a sustainable industrial productÍtem Application of new conformal cooling layouts to the green injection molding of complex slender polymeric parts with high dimensional specifications(MDPI, 2023-01-21) Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Caballero-Garcia, Juan de Dios; Martin-Doñate, CristinaEliminating warpage in injection molded polymeric parts is one of the most important problems in the injection molding industry today. This situation is critical in geometries that are particularly susceptible to warping due to their geometric features, as occurs with topologies of great length and slenderness with high changes in thickness. These features are, in these special geometries, impossible to manufacture with traditional technologies meeting the dimensional and sustainable requirements of the industry. The paper presents an innovative green conformal cooling system that is specifically designed for parts with slender geometric shapes, highly susceptible to warping. Additionally, the work presented by the authors investigates the importance of using highly conductive inserts made of steel alloys in combination with the use of additively manufactured conformal channels in reducing influential parameters such as warpage, cooling time and residual stresses in the complex manufacturing of long and slender parts. The results for a real industrial case study indicate that the use of conformal cooling layouts decreases cycle time by 175.1 s - 66% below the current cooling time, the temperature gradient by 78.5% specifically 18.16 ºC, the residual stress by 39.78 MPa or – 81.88 %, and the warpage by 6.9 mm or- 90.5%. In this way, it is possible to achieve a final warping in the complex geometry studied of 0.72 mm under the maximum value required at the industrial level of 1 mm. The resulting values obtained by the researchers present a turning point from which the manufacturing and sustainability in injection molding of said plastic geometries is possible, taking into account that the geometric manufacturing features 30 analyzed, will present a great demand in the coming years in the auto parts manufacturing industryÍtem Digital preservation and virtual 3D reconstruction of "The Baker’s house" in the archaeological site of Torreparedones (Baena, Cordoba-Spain)(Elsevier, 2022-02-28) Cáceres-Criado, Irene; Triviño-Tarradas, Paula; Valderrama-Zafra, José Manuel; García-Molina, Diego FranciscoTorreparedones archaeological site is in the heart of the Cordoba countryside. The documentation of the domus “The Bakers’s house” took place, being a key heritage asset for understanding its spaces. The domus, is named after the conservation of the floor from a Roman bread oven. Also, the preservation of the base of a Roman rotating mill implies the elaboration of bakery products in this house. Due to the lack of archaeological remains, it is necessary to carry out a thorough literature review, working on the interpretation of each area. Thanks to the bibliography of contemporary domus, the interpretation of the residential area spaces is achieved, as well as the interpretation of architectural and decorative issues. The main research objective was to obtain solid documentation to perform the 3D model of the Baker’s domus and its display by decoding QR code, that facilitates the conservation of existing Andalusian Archaeological heritageÍtem Comprehensive design of the 3D printing process for architectural models. A case study: the medieval walled enclosure of Priego De Cordoba (E1:200)(Springer, 2024-03-26) García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Carmona-Ávila, Rafael; Montalvo-Gil, Juan Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel ÁngelNowadays, an object can be viewed both physically and virtually. In both cases, the visualization process consists in a continuous variation of the observer’s perspective. When looking at objects, visual interactivity is achieved by the tandem formed by human vision and the position of the observer. 3D technology allows the viewer to delve into this aspect: starting from a virtual reconstruction. It is possible to go from the virtual 3D reconstruction of a model shown on a display to a real element materialized by means of a scale model or prototype. The innovation of this research lies in the development of an efficient method for printing 3D models, with a specific emphasis on material and time savings. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional physical model of the walled enclosure of the city of Priego de Córdoba in the Middle Ages, at its time of greatest historical development, i.e., in the late 15th century. To this end, 3D printing technology was applied, which is an innovative method for the realization of architectural scale models. The performance of 3D printers, with different printing formats, was evaluated in terms of efficiency and quality of the architectural scale models. Our theoretical assumption showed that material saving is determined by the orography slopes of the model. Obtaining slopes with values in the range of 1–5%, a large format printer is the most suitable option; in the range of 5–15%, the medium format printer is recommended; and, for a slope greater than 15%, the small format printer should be used.Ítem VIRTUAL REBUILDING OF PUENTE DE TABLAS AN, OLIVE OIL FACTORY AT PRIEGO DE CORDOBA (SPAIN)(UNIV POLITECNICA VALENCIA, EDITORIAL UPV, 2018-03-26) Lopez-Quintero, Javier Luís; García-Molina, Diego FranciscoLa emblemática almazara Puente de Tablas situada en Priego de Córdoba se ha perdido con el paso de los años debido a las diferentes obras de urbanización y reconstrucción realizadas en la zona. Este artículo resume tanto el estudio de la ubicación como de la reconstrucción virtual 3D de todos sus componentes constructivos y funcionales, valiéndose del descubrimiento del plano inédito conservado desde 1802 –época en la que la almazara aún estaba activa– en el Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada. También se hace uso de: (a) los escasos restos que aún perduran, (b) los estudios arqueológicos realizados en esta ubicación, (c) construcciones similares en comarcas cercanas, así como de (d) las últimas técnicas de levantamiento de patrimonio cultural existentes realizadas con escáner láser.Ítem Proposition for the graphic representation, interpretation and evaluation of the degree of terrain resolution in virtual reconstructions(ELSEVIER, 2023-07-25) Cáceres-Criado, Irene; Triviño-Tarradas, Paula; Valderrama-Zafra, José Manuel; García-Molina, Diego FranciscoThe Seville Principles gather in their definitions the 3D representation of heritage assets in their context, that is, elements such as the surroundings and landscape, for both virtual reconstructions and virtual recreations. Currently, there are few virtual reconstructions that implement the historical-archaeological evidence scale to show the veracity of the work that has been carried out. Moreover, none of the existing propositions of historical-archaeological evidence scales consider the veracity of the represented terrain. Authors assign a neutral colour to the terrain, different from those applied to the evidence levels, in order to differentiate the former from the latter. The present study proposes the development of a methodology to implement a resolution scale that graphically represents, interprets and evaluates the setting of the terrain associated with virtual reconstructions. To this end, a literature review was conducted on the existing methodologies for the creation of Digital Terrain Models (DTM). The evaluation of the analysed information was key for the selection of the resolution levels, which was followed by the selection of the colours associated with each resolution level, taking into account the subjective connotations of colours.Ítem Three 3D graphics engineering technologies for fallow deer antlers characterization in ecology and management approaches(SPRINGER, 2024-12-03) Montalvo‑Gil, Juan Manuel; Azorit, Concepción; García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Valderrama-Zafra, José Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel ÁngelNumerous studies focus on creating 3D-models of biological elements for geometric evaluation using CAD tools. A crucial aspect is to obtain accurate geometrical data that is easy to obtain and cost-effective for analysis. The main objective is to evaluate the geometrical accuracy of 3D-models obtained with three graphical techniques of three-dimensional geometrical documentation that characterise the fallow deer antlers in an accurate 3D-model, which is used as input data in biological analyses estimating hunting quality, asymmetry and volume. Three technologies are evaluated: structured light scanning, multi-image photogrammetry (SfM), Structure from Motion, and spatial photogrammetric restitution using two photographs in a CAD system. The geometric accuracy of the 3D-models obtained and the deviation between relevant points of the antler structure, in the main beam, in the main tines and palm, are estimated. Subsequently, the suitability of each 3D-model is studied according to the type of biological application for which it is intended. Based on the results, solid and axial 3D-models, the applicability of the three techniques for the study of biological parameters such as hunting quality, asymmetry and volume is discussed. It concludes on the most appropriate procedure to define the digital characterisation of the antler, depending on the type of biological study to be carried out in order to obtain accurate results. Characterising a geometrically complex structure such as the fallow deer antler in a 3D-model quickly and accurately can help to quantify various biomarkers in populations of specimens, making it possible to infer internal and external influencing factors.Ítem Study of the engineering evolution of the wine industry through the classical painting(FEDERACION ASOCIACIONES INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES ESPANA, 2020-01-01) Montes-Balado, Nieves; Sánchez-Pineda de las Infantas, María Teresa; Burgos-Ladrón de Guevara, Enrique; García-Molina, Diego FranciscoLa evolución de la agricultura y la industria agroalimentaria puede estudiarse a partir de numerosas fuentes, pero una de las más apasionantes es hacerlo a través de la pintura. Las primeras representaciones artísticas aparecen en la cultura egipcia en las tumbas de los faraones. Más adelante la mitología griega y romana constituye uno de los grandes temas de la pintura europea ya que estas culturas han asociado los cultivos mediterráneos y su transformación a una divinidad protectora. En la mitología griega, el Dios del vino era Dionisio y en la mitología romana lo conocerá como el dios Baco. Las escenas mitológicas han sido abundantes en la pintura clásica, especialmente en los artistas del Renacimiento. Asociar la ingeniería agrícola y más concretamente los distintos procesos mecánicos existentes en la elaboración del vino y como estos se han representado pictóricamente según distintos conceptos ideológicos ha sido un reto muy amplio y difícil de abordar. Por lo tanto, en el presente trabajo veremos cómo han sido tratados por pintores medievales de comienzos de la edad Moderna, el cultivo de la vid y la extracción del zumo de la uva, en tres pasajes menos conocidos por nuestra sociedad moderna: en primer lugar la vendimia y el lagar de los beatos, seguido de el lagar místico, el pisado de las uvas en el maestro Wenceslao y como se ha asociado la evolución de los equipos vitivinícolas y su representación hasta nuestro días para finalmente dejar de ser atractivos para su representación. En las obras estudiadas hemos observado, como la técnica y los equipos existentes ha perdurado durante muchos siglos en los lagares medievales, pero eso si el simbolismo y la iconografía han sido factores directos que condicionaban la representación pictórica en los procesos vitivinícolas.Ítem Graphic representation of the degree of historical-archaeological evidence: the 3D reconstruction of the “Baker’s House”(SPRINGER, 2022-03-11) Cáceres-Criado, Irene; García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Mesas-Carrascosa, Francisco Javier; Triviño-Tarradas, PaulaOver the years, the methodologies used for graphic representation in archaeology have evolved. The substantial change in representation was achieved with the use of computer software. Currently, 3D sketch scanning and photogrammetry are predominating tools used in this field. A new methodology, i.e., the use of the historical-archaeological evidence level scale, has entered this discipline to show the veracity of archaeological studies, as well as that of the vestiges found. The present study is focused on the virtual reconstruction of the ‘Baker’s House’ in the archaeological site of Torreparedones (Córdoba, Spain). The main aim of this study was to show and identify the veracity of the obtained reconstruction, through the use of the historical-archaeological evidence scale and the elaboration of a typological rank. The methodology used shows the evidence level employed by experts in the creation of virtual representations. The dissemination of the proposed historical-archaeological evidence scale entails the graphical identification of the veracity of reconstructions in this type of representations, always complying with the scientific quality criteria established by the Seville Letter.Ítem New approach for optimizing the interpretation and representation of the degree of historical‑archaeological evidence in the virtual reconstructions(SPRINGER, 2022-10-10) Cáceres-Criado, Irene; García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Mesas-Carrascosa, Francisco Javier; Triviño-Tarradas, PaulaVirtual reconstruction is defined as the visual recovery of a building or object through the creation of a three-dimensional model of the asset to be reconstructed, in a historical context. To provide the degree of veracity to the virtual reconstructions performed in the scope of heritage, the so-called historical-archaeological evidence scale emerged. Some authors have already used this methodology to provide their reconstructions with the degree of evidence, although none of the current propositions of evidence scales have been standardised to date. Moreover, it is still important to disseminate such scales as much as possible, since it has been shown that neither experts in this field of knowledge nor common users know about this methodology. The aim of this study was to design and create a new proposition of historical-archaeological evidence scale based on the achromatism and implement it in the ‘Baker’s House’ at the archaeological site of Torreparedones (Baena, Córdoba, Spain). To carry out this investigation, it was essential to compare and analyse each proposition of historical-archaeological evidence scale. The qualitative and quantitative studies about the existing scale propositions also played a fundamental role in the realisation of this work. These results, in addition to the chromatic study, support the creation of a new proposition of historical-archaeological evidence scale, designed for any type of viewer. Each phase of the study met the quality standards established for this type of research.Ítem 3D documentation for the conservation of historical heritage: the Castle of Priego de Córdoba (Spain)(Virtual Archaeology Review, 2021-01-19) García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Ramón González-Merino; Jesús Rodero-PérezOne of the main objectives of heritage management policies is to promote measures aimed at the maintenance, restoration and enhancement of cultural and archaeological assets. To guarantee this, the responsible institutions must promote actions for the dissemination and transference of cultural heritage, as well as promoting actions with the greatest possible rigour, developing scientific and technical studies that support and improve intervention methods. Recent technological advances in fields such as photogrammetry, digital terrestrial scanning and 3D modelling have made a significant contribution to the digital preservation and dissemination of architectural heritage. European administrations, in their desire of regional development, as well as the central or local governments have notably boosted the recovery of their rich and diverse heritage. A particular case is Priego de Cordoba’s Castle, a stronghold which was one of the most important monumental icons of the Andalusian period. Currently, this site is the main target of many architectural interventions and a model due to the implementation of last generation techniques in digital preservation. The local archaeological department promotes a large number of interventions and archaeological excavations. This has made a priority to get a qualitative geometrical 3D documentation, and therefore a constantly updated the point cloud(xyzRGB). This paper is focussed on presenting the results of the digital preservation process through 2D planimetry obtained from photogrammetric technics, 3D models, and geospatial data. These techniques are a previous step to large architectonical intervention planned in Priego de Cordoba’sCastle, in particular, the identified structures as Wall 1 and Tower 1. Two out of the three studied structures can be found in Wall 1. They correspond to a cobblestone pavement located in the rampart of the Wall 1, which is a post-medieval period; a double-stepped semi-underground path, excavated in the infill of the wall. The third structurestudied in this paper consists of a well, which drills vertically the infill of the wall of the Tower 1. This feature is interpreted in the last research as a vertical well to place the weights of the clock sited in this tower until the 19thcentury. This work combines two techniques of geometric documentation to obtaina more complete point cloud. The terrestrial laser scanning, and the photogrammetry due to the higher colour performance, along with the completion of the point cloud obtained with the laser scanner. Alongwiththis study,we will analyse the features which will better define the best technique to fit the documentation of the different structures. Their geometric characteristics, the incidence of sunlight or the accessibility will condition the use and choice of the technique.We have statedthat there is software nowadays which makes it easier to access and consult the information through new computing hardware. Besides, we have highlighted the importance of knowledge and synergy from the different stakeholder simplied (city council, technological centre and private companies). The final goal consists of making the society aware of the capital importance of digital preservation as well as dissemination of science.Ítem Digitalization and 3D Documentation Techniques Applied to Two Pieces of Visigothic Sculptural Heritage in Merida Through Structured Light Scanning(Editorial Association for Computing Machinery, 2021-08-20) García-Molina, Diego Francisco; López-Lago, Samuel; Hidalgo-Fernández, Rafael Enrique; Triviño-Tarradas, PaulaTechnological advancements have a great impact on the dissemination and understanding of the cultural heritage reality due to innovative techniques. These innovations are based on high-precision and high-resolution technologies that allow for the geometric documentation of any object within the fields of history and the arts. Through these techniques, new proposals may be studied and objects can be placed in any historical context. Three-dimensional (3D) digitization allows one to obtain a digital 3D model, which can be handled virtually and recreated at any historical period, enabling the conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage. Society currently demands new visualization techniques that allow interacting with architectural and artistic heritage, which have been applied in numerous virtual reconstructions of historical sites or singular archaeological pieces. This project allowed us to geometrically document a reused piece with two surfaces (shield and columns) and a plaque of the city of Merida using a structured light scanner from a theoretical-practical perspective. The 3D virtual reconstruction of the pieces was accomplished within this study. The generation of QR codes enabled the interactive display of the heritage pieces. Likewise, a proposal was made to reuse the aforementioned pieces through virtual archaeology. The initial hypothesis is based on the possible existence of a Visigothic niche as an original form. This research reports significant advances in the conservation and exploitation of cultural heritageÍtem Optimization of Modeling and 3D Printing of Architectural Elements in Historical Buildings Through the Systematization of Boolean Solid Operations(SPRINGER NATURE, 2023-02-14) García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Valderrama-Zafra, José Manuel; Montalvo-Gil, Juan Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel ÁngelEn ciertas ocasiones se encuentran modelos 3D que solo por visualizarse en la pantalla de un ordenador se cree que se puede imprimir en 3D. Para que realmente pueda ser así, cuando se diseña una pieza, hay que tener en cuenta que nuestro modelo ha de ser sólido y ha de estar completamente cerrado. El presente trabajo de investigación consiste en el modelado 3D tanto del exterior como del interior de la Torre del Homenaje de Priego de Córdoba. Dada la complejidad que posee el interior del citado modelo 3D se propone diseñar el interior de la torre como si fuese un molde 3D virtual en positivo y tras aplicar operaciones booleanas restar el citado molde 3D virtual al exterior de la torre. El objetivo consiste en conseguir un modelo 3D imprimible y realizar un análisis variando los modos de impresión.Ítem Comprehensive design of the 3D printing process for architectural models. A case study: the medieval walled enclosure of Priego De Cordoba (E1:200)(SPRINGER NATURE, 2024-03-26) García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Carmona-Ávila, Rafael; Montalvo-Gil, Juan Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel ÁngelNowadays, an object can be viewed both physically and virtually. In both cases, the visualization process consists in a continuous variation of the observer’s perspective. When looking at objects, visual interactivity is achieved by the tandem formed by human vision and the position of the observer. 3D technology allows the viewer to delve into this aspect: starting from a virtual reconstruction. It is possible to go from the virtual 3D reconstruction of a model shown on a display to a real element materialized by means of a scale model or prototype. The innovation of this research lies in the development of an efficient method for printing 3D models, with a specific emphasis on material and time savings. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional physical model of the walled enclosure of the city of Priego de Córdoba in the Middle Ages, at its time of greatest historical development, i.e., in the late 15th century. To this end, 3D printing technology was applied, which is an innovative method for the realization of architectural scale models. The performance of 3D printers, with different printing formats, was evaluated in terms of efficiency and quality of the architectural scale models. Our theoretical assumption showed that material saving is determined by the orography slopes of the model. Obtaining slopes with values in the range of 1–5%, a large format printer is the most suitable option; in the range of 5–15%, the medium format printer is recommended; and, for a slope greater than 15%, the small format printer should be used.