Departamento de Psicología

URI permanente para esta comunidadhttps://hdl.handle.net/10953/48

En esta Comunidad se recogen los documentos generados por el Departamento de Psicología y que cumplen los requisitos de Copyright para su difusión en acceso abierto.

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Actitudes y conocimiento sobre la Intervención Asistida con Animales entre profesionales de la educación.
(Universidad de Oviedo, 2023-06-23) Martos-Montes, Rafael; Díaz-Sánchez, María Eugenia; López-Cepero, Javier; Delgado Rodríguez, Rafael; Ordóñez-Pérez, David
La intervención Asistida con Animales (IAA) aplicada a los ámbitos terapéuticos, educativos y de intervención social ha alcanzado un gran auge en los últimos años como estrategia complementaria a la intervención convencional. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las actitudes y conocimientos sobre la IAA por parte del personal docente (Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria). Han participado en el estudio un total de 110 docentes (79,1% mujeres), con una edad media de 42 años, pertenecientes a 30 centros educativos. A través de un formulario online se ha recabado información sobre sus actitudes, intención de uso y conocimientos sobre la IAA, así como su experiencia previa con animales y las actitudes hacia ellos. Los resultados muestran una actitud positiva e intención de uso hacia la IAA, lo que contrasta con la escasa formación y conocimiento sobre la IAA. La inmensa mayoría del profesorado (79,1%) nunca ha participado en programas de IAA, no obstante, un porcentaje similar (77,3%) ha manifestado su interés y predisposición por formarse en este tipo de intervención. Esta actitud positiva abre las puertas al desarrollo de programas de IAA en el ámbito educativo y a la formación del personal docente, lo que podría enriquecer la atención educativa.
Classification of Animals as Pet, Pest, or Profit: Consistency and Associated Variables Among Spanish University Students
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2021-06-16) López-Cepero, Javier; Martos-Montes, Rafael; Ordóñez-Pérez, David
The present study analyzes the effectiveness (exhaustivity and mutual exclusivity) of a taxonomy for classifying animals into the categories of pet, pest, and profit (PPP), as well as variables that affect the classification assigned to the different species. A total of 463 university students (Mean age = 21.07 years; SD = 4.15), mainly female (87%), classified 14 animal species into the PPP categories and answered questionnaire assessments of personality, anthropomorphism, and attitudes toward the wellbeing of animals. On average, the different species were classified into a single PPP category in 71% of the cases (maximum 95% for dogs, and minimum 27% for chimpanzees), with 8% having multiple classifications (15% for horses and pigs, 21% for rabbits), and 21% being unclassified. Women used the profit category less than men (p < 0.05; g = 0.33). Attitudes toward animals, anthropomorphism, and conscientiousness presented significant correlations (p < 0.05) with the use of PPP categories. Finally, logistic regression analyses showed that these variables had a limited yet significative effect in predicting the classification of horses as either pet or profit (explained variance = 8%) and the classification of snakes as pet or pest (explained variance = 9%), but no effect on the classification of bees as pest or profit. The fact that 29% of the cases received multiple or null classifications indicates the need for caution when considering conclusions drawn from studies based on the PPP taxonomy. Personality, anthropomorphism, sex, and attitudes toward animals’ wellbeing had only a small effect on the classification of animals, but they revealed possible mechanisms for developing interventions to raise awareness about the treatment of animals.
Dogs can enhance social perceptions: The influence of dogs on women’s perceptions of safety in emotional contexts
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2022-11-14) Delgado-Rodríguez, Rafael F.; Mena-Cabrera, Paula; Ordóñez-Pérez, David; Martos-Montes, Rafael
Research shows that dogs enhance safety-related social attributes of the individuals whom they accompany. We aimed to expand previous results by examining, in a sample of undergraduate women, the ability of dogs to improve people’s social image in various emotional contexts. Participants (n = 281) assessed the safety-related attributes of a man and a woman depicted alone or accompanied by a dog in threatening and safe contexts. Using semantic differential scales, they were assessed in safety-related attributes that have been shown to be affected by threatening situations and modulated by the presence of a dog: aggressive–nonaggressive, untrustworthy–trustworthy, unfriendly–friendly, and dangerous–harmless. The results indicated that the man (i.e., high-aversive scenes) and woman (i.e., low-aversive scenes) in threatening scenes benefitted from the presence of a dog; they were perceived as less aggressive, more trustworthy, friendly, and harmless when walking with a dog compared with the alone condition. In safe contexts, the man (i.e., low-positive scenes) was also perceived more favorably by the participants when portrayed with a dog (vs. alone); however, the woman (i.e., high-positive scenes) was similarly perceived when alone and when accompanied by a dog, according to the results for the majority of the social perception scales, which indicates a ceiling effect. Overall, the results show that the presence of a dog affects the perception that women have of the owner’s safety-related image in aversive and low-positive contexts; however, dogs do not enhance the already favorable perceptions of owners in high-positive scenes. These findings indicate that the effect of the presence of a dog on individuals’ social image is affected by the emotionality of the context in which they are portrayed.
Psychophysiological effects of human-dog interaction in university students exposed to a stress-induced situation using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).
(CABI Digital Library, 2020-12-01) Martos-Montes, Rafael; Ordóñez-Pérez, David; Ruiz-Maatallah, Jesús; Martínez-Cobos, Miriam
Enjoying the company of a good-natured dog can lend support to a person in a stressful situation. This presence brings benefits across different areas of human well-being and leads to a decrease in levels of sympathetic activation and subjective distress which are triggered in social anxiety situations. This study seeks to provide evidence of these benefits relative to physiological variables—heart rate and blood pressure—as well as a subjective variable, namely anxiety. Thirty-six university students (80% female, M=22.4, SD=4,32) exposed to a stress-induced situation using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) participated in the study. This type of scenario produces an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective anxiety levels. The decline in these variable levels was assessed based on whether the participants were alone or accompanied by a friendly dog. Through random selection, half of the students could pet the animal during the stress-induced phase (experimental group), whereas the other half had a toy dog to hold (control group). The levels of all three dependent variables were recorded at three different stages: the pretest relaxation phase, the stress- and anxiety-induced test phase, and the relaxation or return-to-calm posttest phase. The results revealed that the dog’s presence during the test phase considerably reduced the levels of anxiety and heart rate experienced by the experimental group participants compared to the control group. No significant differences in blood pressure were observed between both groups during this phase. The results of this research coincide with earlier studies that report on the beneficial effects of human–animal interaction, while highlighting the importance of analyzing this interaction in the field of psychology.
The LGBTQ+ People-Animal Bond: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Companion Animals on LGBTQ+ People
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2023-01-10) Díaz-Videla, Marcos; Delgado-Rodríguez, Rafael; Martos-Montes, Rafael; Ordóñez-Pérez, David; Calvo, Paula
LGBTQ+ people tend to experience prejudice, stigma, and discrimination, which increases their risk of developing mental health difficulties. Support networks, including companion animals, can be used to cope with these challenges. We performed a systematic review of studies related to the effects of human-animal interactions on the LGBTQ+ population. The review included 18 empirical studies; the findings showed that participants tended to view companion animals as family members, as well as providers of love, acceptance, and social support. Thus, companion animals could alleviate stress and increase resilience. However, certain costs were also cited and, under some circumstances, poorer health was observed. The results are discussed considering three unique aspects of the “LGBTQ+ people-animal bond”: (1) it promotes self-acceptance, (2) provides a sense of protection against sexuality-based stigma and social acts of aggression based on sex or gender, and (3) exposes animal guardians requesting animal care services to potential discrimination. By characterizing the LGBTQ+ people-animal bond, more effective responses to meet their needs and promote inclusion may be achieved.
The role of dogs in modulating human affective reactivity and sense of safety in emotional urban public spaces
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022-07-17) Delgado-Rodríguez, Rafael F.; Carriquí-Madroñal, Raquel; Vázquez-Villalba, Celia; Martos-Montes, Rafael; Ordóñez-Pérez, David
We aimed to examine the role of dog presence in modulating human affective reactivity and sense of safety in emotional urban public spaces. College women (n = 296) assessed valence, arousal, dominance, and safety in pictures depicting a man or a woman alone or accompanied by a small- or medium-sized dog in aversive and positive contexts. The results indicated that both dog sizes produce better assessments (i.e., higher valence, dominance, and sense of safety, and lower arousal) than the alone condition in high- and low- aversive (i.e., aversive/man and aversive/woman, respectively) and low-positive (i.e., positive/man) contexts. In highly positive contexts (i.e., positive/woman), the alone condition produces a similar assessment to small-sized dogs on arousal and dominance scales and medium-sized dogs on dominance and safety scales. When comparing dog sizes, small dogs produce better assessments in most emotional contexts. Those results overall indicated that dog presence itself (regardless of dog size) affects participants’ assessment in aversive and low-positive contexts; however, specific dog features such as size, rather than dog presence itself, are more important in high-positive contexts, indicating a ceiling effect. This study highlights the need to consider the emotionality of public settings when assessing the positive dog effect in scenes in which people are portrayed.
Visual Processing of the Faces of Humans and Dogs by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2023-03-17) Duarte-Gan, Carolina; Martos-Montes, Rafael; García-Linares, Mª Cruz
Recent studies indicate a positive correlation between canine-assisted interventions and social and communicative abilities in people with autism. These benefits could be due to more efficient processing of socially informative areas when dog faces are processed. Using an eye tracker, this study aimed to assess the visual processing of faces in 13 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 13 neurotypical (NT) children when gazing at the faces of humans and of dogs. We divided the faces into two categories. First, individual faces of adult humans, children, and dogs were used in a free-viewing paradigm, where the area of interest was the eyes. We recorded the total time spent gazing at the eyes (dwell time), latency to the first look, and continuous gaze time. Second, pairs of faces were presented at the same time in a pair paradigm, and preferences in terms of face position (left/right) and type (dog/human), and the number of transitions between faces, were measured. When presented with pairs of faces, ASD children gazed for longer at the dog’s face, regardless of its position, and showed a higher number of shifts between pictures when the face of a dog was present. However, the NT group did not discriminate between the two faces. The results for individual faces showed significant differences in how ASD children look at the eyes of faces rather than differences in the total duration of the gaze; they are faster in terms of their first gaze and exhibit a longer average fixation time when gazing at the eyes of dogs compared with those of humans. Both human and dog faces were processed atypically in children with ASD, who seemed to engage with dogs more rapidly and for extended periods. This suggests possible socio-communicative benefits of human–dog interactions for people with autism, from a visual processing point of view

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