Examinando por Autor "Fuentes, Manuel"
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Ítem Analysing the reciprocity law for UV-LEDs in water disinfection of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens(MDPI, 2023) Kamel, Ahmed; Palacios, Ana; Fuentes, Manuel; Vivar, MartaThe aim of this study is to verify the reciprocity law in the wastewater disinfection process using UV light. The optical power UV-LEDs used were 1.6 mW and 50 mW, and the wavelengths were 265 nm and 275 nm. E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens were the three microorganisms analysed in the study. The results showed lower inactivation rates around 0.063–0.065 cm2/mJ for 265 nm and 0.047–0.049 cm2/mJ for 275 nm for the Clostridium perfringens compared with the other two bacteria. For E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis, the inactivation rate was almost identical; 0.28 and 0.21 cm2/mJ, respectively, using 265 nm wavelength. There was a slightly better inactivation performance using the medium-power 275 nm UV-LEDs of 0.39 cm2/mJ and 0.29 cm2/mJ for E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively, and 0.33 cm2/mJ and 0.26 cm2/mJ using the low-power 275 nm UV-LEDs. The analysed data justify the reciprocity law for UV-LEDs disinfection using 265 nm and 275 nm UV-LEDs with two optical powers of 1.6 mW and 50 mW.Ítem Photovoltaic System Adoption in Water Related Technologies – A Review(Elsevier, 2024) Vivar, Marta; Sharon, H; Fuentes, ManuelWater and energy are intimately related, as water is required for energy applications and energy is required for water-based technologies. Two large groups of photovoltaic adoptions have been identified in this review: first, those in which the photovoltaic system is separated from the water technology. In second group, the photovoltaic system is in physical contact with the water technology thereby its performance is affected either in a positive or negative way. The novelty of this review work lies in the classification of photovoltaic system adoption in various water related technologies. Apart from classification, discussions on system configurations, working aspects, performance aspects, economic aspects and scope for further investigations have been presented in detail. Wastewater treatment plants are identified to be the most suitable site for photovoltaic module installation and utilization. Among power sectors, hydro power plants are highly compatible with photovoltaic adoption because it enhances hydro power plant’s operation time and utilization. Floating photovoltaic, submerged photovoltaic, agrivoltaic, aquavoltaic and solar photovoltaic + water disinfection are relatively new, highly attractive and have more scope for further improvements. Agrivoltaic and aquavoltaic increases crop & sea food production, enhances farmers’ income, encourage clean energy transition and rural electrification. Research works in the area of unmanned photovoltaic based water vehicles, photovoltaic salt harvest and various applications of water based photovoltaic/thermal modules have also been discussed. This review will serve as a guidebook for researchers and policy makers to identify and select suitable configuration of photovoltaic–water related technologies for implementation and further investigations.Ítem Solar disinfection as a direct tertiary treatment of a wastewater plant using a photochemical-photovoltaic hybrid system(Elsevier, 2021) Vivar, Marta; Fuentes, Manuel; Torres, Julia; Rodrigo, María JesúsThis work evaluates the SolWat hybrid system for solar water disinfection and photovoltaic energy generation, for its implementation in tertiary treatment plants, using real wastewater directly from the effluent after its secondary treatment. Solar disinfection of E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens microorganisms was evaluated over the course of a complete year. Four experiments in batch mode were conducted in autumn, winter, spring and summer, and microbiological and physicochemical parameters were analysed. In addition, the kinetics of solar disinfection during 4 h were analysed, and the dose of lethal ultraviolet radiation for microorganisms established. Results showed that E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis and C. perfringens did not complete total bacterial inactivation after 4 h of treatment in the SolWat system, but that the inactivation levels achieved were sufficient as to allow for the reuse of water for various uses (urban, agricultural, industrial, etc.). Clostridium perfringens continued to be the most resistant bacteria vs. E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The total photovoltaic energy production in the hybrid system compared to the reference system was the same, generating both the SolWat module and the reference module identical electrical power due to the compensating effect of module water cooling vs. radiation losses.Ítem The problem of drinking water access: A review of disinfection technologies with an emphasis on solar treatment methods(Elsevier, 2019-03) Pichel, Natalia; Vivar, Marta; Fuentes, ManuelThe lack of access to safe drinking water is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Despite the collective global effort that has been made, the drinking water sources of at least 2 billion people are faecally contaminated, resulting in more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths each year, with the majority occurring in developing countries. Technologies for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water are therefore of great significance for human health and well-being. However, conventional technologies to provide drinking water, although effective, present limitations that impede their global application. These treatment methods often have high energy and chemical demands, which limits their application for the prevention of waterborne diseases in the most vulnerable regions. These shortcomings have led to rapid research and development of advanced alternative technologies. One of these alternative methods is solar disinfection, which is recognised by the World Health Organization as one of the most appropriate methods for producing drinkable water in developing countries. This study reviews conventional technologies that are being applied at medium to large scales to purify water and emerging technologies currently in development. In addition, this paper describes the merits, demerits, and limitations of these technologies. Finally, the review focuses on solar disinfection, including a novel technology recently developed in this field.