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URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/10953/245

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A fracture model for pearlitic steel bars using a cohesive model
(2012-09) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Cendón, David Ángel; Atienza, José Miguel; Elices, Manuel
The fracture of ductile materials, such as metals, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test.
Análisis de la deformación de rotura en el ensayo de tracción en probetas cilíndricas de acero perlítico
(2011-04) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Cendón, David Ángel; Atienza, José Miguel; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Elices, Manuel
El ensayo de tracción permite obtener la curva tensión-deformación hasta el instante de carga máxima, sin embargo, a partir de ese momento el análisis de las tensiones y de las deformaciones resulta complicado. Conocer el comportamiento del material a partir del instante de carga máxima resulta fundamental para diseñar estrategias que mejoren la seguridad estructural. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una campaña experimental de ensayos de tracción sobre acero perlítico en la que se han estudiado sus deformaciones de rotura así como sus superficies de fractura, todo ello en probetas cilíndricas con diferentes diámetros. Esta campaña ha sido acompañada de simulaciones numéricas con el fin de analizar el comportamiento del material en el interior de la sección. Adicionalmente, se han analizado las superficies de fractura de las probetas y se ha observado una relación no proporcional entre el tamaño de las probetas y el tamaño de la zona interna atribuida al crecimiento de poros. Esta relación no proporcional sugiere que dicha zona actuaría como un concentrador de tensiones, de forma similar a una fisura, y estaría afectado por el efecto de la triaxialidad de las tensiones en la zona de rotura.
Analysis of the damage evolution in steel specimens under tension by means of XRTC
(2017-03) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Cendón, David Ángel; Atienza, José Miguel; Sket, Federico; Molina-Aldareguia, Jon
When a steel specimen is tested under tension, damage usually develops evenly all along the specimen, finally necking and leading to the typical cup-cone fracture surface. Nevertheless, some steels present an unusual fracture pattern consisting on a plane fracture surface with a dark region in the centre of the fracture zone. In this contribution, the authors analyse the evolution of the internal damage by using X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) on 3mm-diametre specimens of two steels. The specimens are tested in subsequent loading steps, after each of which it is unloaded and analysed with XRCT. This procedure helps to identify the evolution of damage developed inside each specimen at predefined strain levels. XRCT reveals a very high initial porosity in the material with the cup-cone fracture pattern and a very low initial porosity in the other. In the latter, fracture is triggered by a concentrated internal damage that can be seen as an internal notch which produces a stress concentration that leads to the eventual failure.
Comportamiento a fractura de yeso con adición de fibras poliméricas
(2019-04) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Felipe-Sesé, Luis; Díaz, Francisco A.; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; García-Alberti, Marcos
El yeso es un material de construcción ampliamente utilizado como revestimiento interior en edificios por su bajo coste, manejabilidad y propiedades de habitabilidad (aislamiento acústico y térmico, aspecto estético, etc.). La industria del yeso ha ido buscando nuevos usos, fruto de lo cual, entre otros, han surgido los paneles sándwich de yeso laminado o las placas de yeso reforzado con fibras de celulosa, que mejoran considerablemente sus propiedades mecánicas. Por otro lado, el uso de fibras poliméricas ha dado recientemente interesantes resultados en hormigón, proporcionando buenas propiedades dúctiles a las mezclas y dotándolas de una importante capacidad resistente frente a esfuerzos de tracción. En el presente estudio se analiza el comportamiento a fractura de mezclas de yeso con adiciones de distintos tipos de fibras poliméricas, en particular microfibras de polipropileno y macrofibras de poliolefina. Para ello se realizaron ensayos de flexión en tres puntos con probetas prismáticas entalladas. Además, el uso de un sistema de correlación digital de imágenes (DIC) permite medir la evolución de la apertura de la fisura (CMOD) y, lo que es más innovador e importante para evaluar su comportamiento, obtener mapas completos de deformaciones que ayuden a entender cómo contribuyen los distintos tipos de fibras a la disipación de energía durante la propagación del daño.
Damage evolution in pearlitic steel specimens under tension by means of X-ray computed tomography
(2015-06) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Atienza, José Miguel; Cendón, David Ángel; Elices, Manuel; Sket, Federico; Molina-Aldareguia, Jon
In this contribution, the authors analyse the evolution of the internal damage by using X-ray computed tomography on a 3mm-diametre specimen. The specimen is tested in consecutive loading steps, after each of which it is unloaded and analysed with a X-ray tomograph. This procedure helps to identify the evolution of damage developed inside the specimen at predefined strain levels. Finally, these results are compared with the numerical results provided by the GTN model.
Experimental validation of a fracture model for pearlitic steel bars based on the cohesive zone model
(2013-06) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Atienza, José Miguel; Cendón, David Ángel; Elices, Manuel
This work presents the experimental validation of a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality. Experimental tests have been carried out on cylindrical specimens of three different diameters: 3, 6 and 9mm. These tests have been reproduced numerically using the aforementioned cohesive element. Results from the numerical simulations have been compared with the experimental results, showing good agreement with them.
Influence of coiling in stress relaxation of prestressing steel wires
(2011-06) Elices, Manuel; Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Cendón, David Ángel; Atienza, José Miguel
The possible deleterious effects of coiling and long-time storage of coiled wires on the stress relaxation behaviour of prestressing steel wires has been checked by means of experimental work and a simple analytical model. The results show that if the requirements of Standards are fulfilled (minimum coiling diameters) these effects can be neglected. However, some other factors like previous residual stresses, long-time storage or storage at high temperatures, can trigger or emphasise this damage to the material. In the authors’ opinion it is recommendable to control the final curvature of the wires after uncoiling prior to prestressing, as required in some Standards.
Numerical modelling of fracture in polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete specimens under mixed-model loading (I+II)
(2019-06) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Enfedaque, Alejandro; García-Alberti, Marcos
In the last decades, many researchers have focused their work on studying the behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC). The appearance of specific recommendations in several Standards has boosted their usage and the interest in this technology. Apart from the traditional steel fibres, new materials are now studied as fibre-type reinforcement in structural concrete. This is the case of polyolefin, a polymer that has proved to be a suitable alternative that overcomes some of the drawbacks of steel, namely those related to corrosion processes, and keeps a good ductile behaviour providing structural strength to concrete against tensile stresses. Modelling fracture of FRC elements has also proved to be successful using trilinear softening functions, not only with polyolefin fibres, but also with steel and glass fibres. Nevertheless, these numerical models have been used to contrast only notched specimens under three-point bending symmetric loading. In this contribution, trilinear softening functions are used to model fracture in specimens in which crack initiates under a combination of modes I and II. Fracture is modelled by means of an embedded crack formulation based on the strong discontinuity approach. Two sets of experimental data are compared, one with specimens of the same size with different proportions of fibres and another one where, keeping the fibre proportion constant, the specimens are scaled up in order to analyse the size effect. In both sets of experimental results, the Load-CMOD diagrams fit reasonably well using trilinear softening functions, predicting with correction the maximum load and the shape of the diagram due to the influence of the fibres.
On the numerical modelling of punching shear in flat reinforced concrete slabs by means of the finite element method
(2025-04) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos
The slab-column connection is a critical point in the design of a structure, mainly buildings, since a high concentration of shear stresses can lead to punching, which is a localised failure mode that can take place in a brittle manner and with no previous warning. Currently, structural standards provide recommendations and general expressions to help design these structural connections, where the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT), proposed by Muttoni, stands out. This approach considers the shear strength as dependent on the crack width developing in the shear-critical region and uses a control perimeter ($b_0$) that delimits the cracking region. Many efforts have been devoted to understanding the failure mechanisms involved in punching and to propose tools, such as CSCT, for a safe and efficient design; nevertheless, there is still no consensus on the mechanics governing this phenomenon. The present contribution uses the finite element method and takes advantage of material models based on continuum damage mechanics to reproduce punching failure in reinforced concrete slabs. This approach is not new and has been employed in the past, but with limitations and some issues still not completely solved. The aim of this work is to analyse different possible modelling techniques in order to obtain a numerical model that reproduces this phenomenon with accuracy. A major advantage of using a finite element model in this case is that the main fracture mechanisms involved in the failure process, which are varied and complex, can be identified. Bidimensional and tridimensional models are discussed, and the possibility of taking into account the slip between concrete and the reinforcement bars, which turns out to be a key mechanism in the evolution of punching failure, is analysed.
Predictive approach of the size effect of PFRC simulated by using a softening function
(2022-05) Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Enfedaque, Alejandro; García-Alberti, Marcos
The size effect on plain concrete specimens is well known and can be correctly captured when performing numerical simulations by using a well characterised softening function. Nevertheless, in the case of polyolefin-fibre-reinforced concrete (PFRC), this is not directly applicable, since using only diagram cannot capture the material behaviour on elements with different sizes due to dependence of the orientation factor of the fibres with the size of the specimen. In previous works, the use of a trilinear softening diagram proved to be very convenient for reproducing fracture of polyolefin-fibre-reinforced concrete elements, but only if it is previously adapted for each specimen size. In this work, a predictive methodology is used to reproduce fracture of polyolefin-fibre-reinforced concrete specimens of different sizes under three-point bending. Fracture is reproduced by means of a well-known embedded cohesive model, with a trilinear softening function that is defined specifically for each specimen size. The fundamental points of these softening functions are defined a priori by using empirical expressions proposed in past works, based on an extensive experimental background. Therefore, the numerical results are obtained in a predictive manner and then compared with a previous experimental campaign in which PFRC notched specimens of different sizes were tested with a three-point bending test setup, showing that this approach properly captures the size effect, although some values of the fundamental points in the trilinear diagram could be defined more accurately.
Simulación de la rotura de barras de acero perlítico sometidas a tracción mediante un modelo de fisura cohesiva. Validación experimental
(2013-04) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Atienza, José Miguel; Cendón, David Ángel; Elices, Manuel
Las probetas cilíndricas fabricadas con materiales metálicos de elevada ductilidad, como el aluminio o el cobre, sometidas a tracción suelen presentar una rotura comúnmente denominada rotura en copa y cono, debido a su geometría. Este tipo de rotura se reproduce numéricamente con éxito mediante el modelo de Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman, cuya formulación matemática se basa en el fenómeno físico de nucleación, crecimiento y coalescencia de microhuecos. A diferencia de dichos materiales, las barras de acero perlítico, material con una ductilidad apreciable, presentan un frente de rotura plano que no puede simularse correctamente con los modelos antes mencionados, apareciendo una región interior de daño que, en principio, también puede atribuirse a un fenómeno de nucleación y crecimiento de microhuecos, mientras que en el exterior aparece una zona cuya micrografía permite asociar su rotura a un mecanismo de clivaje. En trabajos anteriores los autores han presentado un elemento de intercara cohesivo dependiente de la triaxialidad de tensiones que, incorporado a un código de elementos finitos, permite reproducir de forma razonable el daño que se desarrolla en la región interior mencionada. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de una campaña experimental que permite validar el modelo desarrollado. Para ello, se ensayan probetas de diferentes diámetros y se comparan los resultados con los obtenidos numéricamente, empleando tres bases extensométricas diferentes en cada uno de los diámetros. Los resultados numéricos se ajustan razonablemente bien a los obtenidos experimentalmente.
Simulación del proceso de rotura por tracción de alambres de acero perlítico con un modelo de fisura cohesiva
(2012-04) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Cendón, David Ángel; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Atienza, José Miguel; Elices, Manuel
La fractura de metales dúctiles como el acero suele explicarse a partir de la hipótesis de nucleación, crecimiento y coalescencia de microhuecos. A partir de esta teoría, se han desarrollado diversos modelos numéricos, entre los que el modelo de Gurson y sus variantes son los más extendidos. Dichos modelos reproducen matemáticamente el fenómeno físico de crecimiento de huecos resultando en un desarrollo progresivo del daño en el interior del material durante un ensayo de tracción. En estos modelos, el daño comienza a desarrollarse en fases muy tempranas del ensayo, incluso anteriores a la carga máxima. Ensayos realizados por los autores parecen indicar, sin embargo, que en el caso de barras de acero eutéctico empleado en la fabricación de alambres de pretensado, el daño originado en el interior del material como consecuencia del crecimiento de microhuecos sólo es apreciable en un estado muy avanzado del ensayo, momentos antes de producirse la rotura. Además, desde hace décadas se conoce que la triaxialidad de tensiones tiene una fuerte influencia sobre la rotura de los materiales. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de rotura para elementos de acero sometidos a tracción, basado en un comportamiento cohesivo del material y que contempla el valor de la triaxialidad de tensiones, diferente en cada punto de la sección crítica de rotura.
Simulation of fracture on PFRC specimens subjected to high temperature using a cohesive model
(2022-05) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Enfedaque, Alejandro; García-Alberti, Marcos; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos
Concrete has been traditionally reinforced with steel rebars that confer good tensile properties to this material. Nevertheless, concrete can also be reinforced with fibres, which have been traditionally made of steel, although in the last years new types of fibres have appeared, such as polypropylene fibres, glass fibres or polyolefin fibres. Their use widens the range of application of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) and has experienced an significant boost by national and international standards, which now include guidelines for their use in structures. More specifically, textured polyolefin macro-fibres have proved to provide very good tensile properties in concrete. The use of these fibres has significant advantages when compared with traditional steel fibres, since they reduce the tear and wear of devices involved in their production, avoid corrosion problems in concrete and have no influence on magnetic fields, which can be very important in some situations. Concrete properties, both in fresh and hardened states, have been extensively studied in the last years, proving to be a promising alternative to steel fibres. Fracture of FRC, and more specifically of PFRC, has been successfully reproduced using the finite element analysis by means of an embedded cohesive model with a trilinear softening function. On another note, concrete has a good behaviour when subjected to high temperatures and fire, especially when it is compared with other traditional construction materials, such as wood or steel. Nevertheless, concrete reinforcement is usually made of materials that are critically sensitive to these events and the behaviour of the composite material must be assessed to meet the requirements described in the structural standards. With regard to polyolefin-fibre reinforced concrete (PFRC), a recent study has analysed how the fracture properties of this material degrade when subjected to high-temperatures, ranging from 20oC to 200oC. As temperature increases, fibres modify their geometry and their mechanical properties, which leads to a reduction of their effectiveness. In this work, the fracture behaviour of PFRC specimens subjected to high temperatures is reproduced by using an embedded cohesive model that uses a trilinear softening function. The specific trilinear softening diagram that provides a good numerical simulation of fracture is obtained for each temperature increment. This helps to understand how the trilinear diagram must be adapted when PFRC is subjected to high temperatures and will allow the use of this model to a wider range of situations.
Simulation of mixed-mode fracture (I-II) on PFRC specimens with various fibre proportions using an embedded cohesive crack model
(IOP Science, 2019-09) Suárez-Guerra, Fernando; Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos; Enfedaque , Alejandro; García-Alberti, Marcos
The study of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) has become of increasing interest in the last decades. Although it is not a new technology, it has experienced a remarkable progress with the appearance of some recommendations in the standards. More specifically, the use of polyolefin fibres has proved to increase the tensile strength of concrete without the problems usually found with steel fibres, especially those related to corrosion. This type of fibres have been studied in depth and its fracture behaviour has been successfully simulated in the past by means of an embedded crack model using a trilinear softening function. Nevertheless, these simulations have been always focused on cases where fracture took place under pure mode I conditions, namely using the classical three-point bending test on notched specimens. In this study, such embedded crack model is used to reproduce the fracture behaviour on notched specimens subjected to a modified three-point bending test that induces fracture under a combination of modes I and II. Three PFRC mixes are analysed, all of them with the same proportions of concrete components but different proportions of polyolefin fibres. The experimental and numerical diagrams properly agree and allow identifying how the increasing proportion of fibres can be reflected in the trilinear softening function that numerically drives the damage evolution.

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Examinando DIMM-Comunicaciones a Congresos, Conferencias... por Autor "Gálvez-Ruíz, Jaime Carlos"