Acid insoluble lignin material production by chemical activation of olive endocarps for an efficient furfural adsorption-removal from aqueous solutions

Abstract

The present work describes a protocol of chemical activation, with acid catalyst, of olive endocarps to obtain acid insoluble lignin-rich materials with high capacities for the adsorption of furfural present in aqueous media. During biomass activation, factors such as acid concentration, reaction time and temperature, solid/liquid ratio and the presence of water extractives strongly affected both the surface characteristics of the treated bioadsorbents and their capacities for furfural retention (percentage increase close to 600% with respect to the crude biomass). Once a treated solid with good adsorbent properties was obtained, the optimal conditions for adsorption were found: stirring speed 80 rpm, temperature 303 K and adsorbent load 7.5 g solid/50 cm3. Kinetic study indicated the pseudo-second order model provided the best fit of the experimental data. At 303 K, the equilibrium adsorption capacities values ranged from 2.27 mg g−1 to 29.29 mg g−1, for initial furfural concentrations between 0.49 gdm−3 and 12.88 gdm−3. Freundlich model presented the best isotherm (R2 = 0.996 and SE = 4.7%) providing 𝐾𝐹 and 𝑛 values of 0.115 (mg g−1) (mg dm−3)−𝑛 and 0.610, respectively. Since physical interactions predominate in the adsorption of furfural on chemically activated olive endocarps, the furfural removal process could have occurred reversibly on the heterogeneous surface of the bioadsorbents.