Examinando por Autor "Pelegrina, Santiago"
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Ítem Age-related changes in selection, recognition, updating and maintenance information in WM. An ERP study in children and adolescents(Elsevier, 2020) Pelegrina, Santiago; Molina, Rosa; Rodríguez-Martínez, Elena I.; Linares, Rocío; Gómez, Carlos M.Possible age-related changes in different working memory (WM) subcomponents were assessed by analyzing the event-related-potentials associated with the n-back task. Two versions of the task (0- and 1-back) were administered to 168 subjects between 6 and 20 years of age. In both n-back tasks, lists of symbol-letter pairs were presented. Participants had to select the letter and decide whether it matched the target in memory. Selection-matching of the relevant item, as indexed by an N2pc component, was evident in all age groups, indicating early maturation of this ability. The decreasing amplitude of the P300 with age, coupled with the longer duration of the load effect in young children, suggests that WM updating requires greater processing resources at younger ages. The slow wave, present during the maintenance period, showed an inversion of polarity with age in anterior sites that could reflect age-related changes in the active maintenance of information in WM.Ítem Age-Related Differences in Creative Cognition: The Mediating Role of Executive Functions and Associative Processes(American Psychological Association, 2024) Peláez-Alfonso, José Luis; Pelegrina, Santiago; Lechuga, M. TeresaDivergent and convergent creativity may rely on associative and executive control processes. We examined whether age-related differences in both types of creativity are mediated by executive functions and associative processes. A total of 427 primary, secondary-school, and university students completed a battery of tasks measuring executive functioning (updating, inhibition and shifting), verbal fluency, and divergent (fluency, flexibility, and originality) and convergent creativity (remote-associative problems). The results confirmed that executive and associative processes accounted for age-related differences in divergent and convergent creativity, albeit to different degrees. Specifically, verbal fluency contributed to explaining age differences in both types of creativity, whereas updating and inhibition mediated age-related differences only in convergent creativity. These findings provide evidence for the differential contribution of executive and associative processes to age-differences in both types of creativity, and provide additional support for a dual-process view of creativity.Ítem Age-related differences in working memory updating components(Elsevier, 2016) Linares-Martínez, Rocío; Bajo, María Teresa; Pelegrina, SantiagoThe aim of this study was to investigate possible age-related changes throughout childhood and adolescence in different component processes of working memory updating (WMU): retrieval, transformation, and substitution. A set of numerical WMU tasks was administered to four age groups (8-, 11-, 14-, and 21-yearolds). To isolate the effect of each of the WMU components, participants performed different versions of a task that included different combinations of the WMU components. The results showed an expected overall decrease in response times and an increase in accuracy performance with age. Most important, specific age-related changes in the retrieval component were found, demonstrating that the effect of retrieval on accuracy was larger in children than in adolescents or young adults. These findings indicate that the availability of representations from outside the focus of attention may change with age. Thus, the retrieval component of updating could contribute to the age-related changes observed in the performance of many updating tasks.Ítem Emotional Processing of Math-related Words in People with Math Anxiety(Taylor & Francis Group, 2023-12-17) Linares, Rocío; Pelegrina, Santiago; Delgado-Rodríguez, RafaelBackground: Research exploring emotional responses to math-related words in individuals with math anxiety (MA) is scarce. Here, we examined MA participants’ subjective emotional processing of math-related cues within Lang’s bioinformational model of emotion to further understand the role of those cues in MA. Methods: In total, 41 high-MA and 32 low-MA undergraduates rated math-related words, along with neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant words, from the Affective Norms for English Words. The Self-Assessment Manikin was used to calculate valence, arousal, and dominance scores for each word. Results: The low-MA group rated math-related words as neutral on the three emotional scales, however, the high-MA group rated them lower and higher for valence and dominance than neutral and unpleasant words, respectively. Moreover, math-related words were rated as more and less activating than neutral and unpleasant words, respectively. The two groups significantly differed in scores on the three scales only for the math-related words. Conclusions: These results provide evidence that individuals with high MA show altered emotional processing of math-related words, experiencing them as moderately aversive and moderately activating. The findings emphasize that the altered emotional processing of words associated with math should be considered a symptom of MA.Ítem Focus Switching in Working Memory: The Roles of Context Access and Content Retrieval(Hogrefe Publishing, 2018) Linares, Rocío; Pelegrina, SantiagoFocus switching in working memory involves accessing an object in the focus of attention in order to retrieve its content. Objects in working memory can be viewed as consisting of two types of information: contents (e.g., numerical information) and contexts (e.g., cues to retrieve the contents). This study examined the extent to which content retrieval and context access may be separated. Three experiments were carried out in which object switching and content retrieval were manipulated. In addition, the alternation between the retrieval operations was also manipulated. The main result was that content retrieval required time over and above that needed to access the object. This finding supports the idea that contexts and their contents may be accessed independently when an object is brought into the focus.Ítem Gender stereotypes about math anxiety: Ability and emotional components(ELSEVIER, 2023-07) Justicia-Galiano, M. José; Martín-Puga, M. Eva; Linares, Rocío; Pelegrina, SantiagoGender stereotypes are believed to play a role in the heightened math anxiety (MA) reported by female students. We investigated, first, whether adolescents hold the stereotyped beliefs that girls experience more MA than boys (emotional facet), and that boys perform better in math (ability facet); second, whether gender differences in MA are due to self-report bias; and, third, whether gender differences in MA are related to gender-stereotyped beliefs, in terms of both ability and emotional facets. A total of 257 secondary school students completed math-related and gender stereotype measures. The results revealed that female students were perceived as being more prone to MA than male students, but no self-report bias was observed. Regarding the math ability facet, students endorsed either egalitarian or female-favoring views. Finally, gender differences in MA, as well as other math-related performance measures, were related to gender stereotypes about math ability, but not about emotion.Ítem Math Anxiety and Working Memory Updating: Difficulties in Retrieving Numerical Information From Working Memory(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2020-04-09) Pelegrina, Santiago; Justicia-Galiano, M. José; Martín-Puga, M. Eva; Linares, RocíoThis study aimed to determine whether math anxiety was related to working memory (WM) updating performance and, specifically, to the retrieval and substitution components of updating. A set of WM updating (WMU) tasks that involve different retrieval and substitution requirements were administered to 114 university students. In addition, participants completed a math anxiety assessment on two occasions: 1–2 weeks before and immediately prior to task administration to increase the likelihood of observing the relationship between math anxiety and updating performance. The results showed a relationship between math anxiety scores and updating performance. Math anxious individuals took longer and made more errors, especially on tasks that required retrieving information from WM. These results suggest that math anxious individuals are less efficient when it comes to accessing numerical information in WM. Consequently, they may struggle with math-related tasks that involve retrieving numerical information from WM.Ítem Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating(Plos, 2019) Linares, Rocio; Borella, Erika; Lechuga, M. Teresa; Carretti, Barbara; Pelegrina, SantiagoThis study analyzed the mechanisms involved in possible transfer effects for two different working memory updating (WMU) training programs administered to young adults and based on two updating paradigms: n-back and arithmetical updating. The influence of practice distribution on transfer effects was also explored by including two training regimens: massed and spaced practice. Performance on different WMU tasks more or less structurally similar to the tasks used in the training was assessed to analyze the nearest transfer effects. Near and far transfer effects were tested using complex working memory (WM) and fluid intelligence tasks. The results showed that the WMU training produced gains in only some of the WMU tasks structurally similar to those used in the training, not in those lacking the same structure, or in WM or fluid intelligence tasks. These limited nearest transfer effects suggest that gains could be due to the acquisition of a specific strategy appropriate for the task during the training rather than to any improvement in the updating process per se. Performance did not differ depending on the training regimen.Ítem Normative data for 102 Spanish remote associate problems and age-related differences in performance(Sciendo, 2020) Peláez-Alfonso, José Luis; Pelegrina, Santiago; Lechuga, M. TeresaThe Remote Associates Test (RAT) is a measure developed by Mednick (1962) which is used to assess the convergent thinking component of creativity. This study presents a normative database in Spanish including 102 problems based on the RAT. Three sets of problems were built according to the type of between-word associations: semantic, compound, and two-word expressions. These problems were administered to a sample of 309 elementary, high-school, and university students. The results show good internal consistency as well as good convergent validity with insight problems, and discriminant validity using Guilford’s Alternative Uses Test. In addition, the results indicate age-related differences in the ability to solve the different types of problemsÍtem Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-S) in Spanish children and adolescents(SAGE, 2022-06-09) Martín-Puga, M. Eva; Pelegrina, Santiago; Gómez-Pérez, M. Mar; Justicia-Galiano, M. JoséThe objectives were to examine the factorial structure of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-S) and the measurement invariance across gender and educational levels, to determine possible differences in procrastination across gender, educational levels, and grades. The sample was formed of 1486 Spanish primary and secondary school students between the ages of 7 and 19 years. A one-factor model provided an adequate fit. Scalar and partial scalar invariance were achieved through gender and educational levels, respectively. Internal consistency was good and slightly higher for secondary school students than primary school students. Moderate convergent validity was obtained. The APS-S scores showed a weak but significant correlation with math anxiety. Procrastination scores increased with grade, and males showed significantly higher procrastination scores than females. The Spanish APS-S demonstrated adequate reliability and validity scores and could be a useful tool for examining academic procrastination in children and adolescents.Ítem Psychometric properties, factor structure and gender and educational level invariance of the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) in Spanish children and adolescents(SAGE, 2022) Martín-Puga, M. Eva; Justicia-Galiano, M. José; Gómez-Pérez, M. Mar; Pelegrina, SantiagoThe present study aimed to investigate the factor structure and degree of measurement invariance of a Spanish adaptation of the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) in primary and secondary school students (N = 1,504 students, 46.08% males, 7-19 years of age). The results of confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the original two-factor structure, although a modified two-factor model with one item loading simultaneously on both factors was better supported. Full measurement invariance was observed across gender, and partial measurement invariance was achieved across educational levels (primary and secondary education). The AMAS showed reasonable internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity. These results highlight the utility of the AMAS as a measure of math anxiety in primary and secondary school students whose scores can be compared by gender and educational level.Ítem Role of executive functions in the relations of state‐and trait‐math anxiety with math performance(The New York Academy of Sciences, 2024) Pelegrina, Santiago; Martín‐Puga, M. Eva; Lechuga, M. Teresa; Justicia‐Galiano, M. José; Linares, RocíoThe detrimental effect of math anxiety on math performance is thought to be mediated by executive functions. Previous studies have primarily focused on trait-math anxiety rather than state-math anxiety and have typically examined a single executive function rather than comprehensively evaluating all of them. Here, we used a structural equation modeling approach to concurrently determine the potential mediating roles of different executive functions (i.e., inhibition, switching, and updating) in the relationships between both state- and trait-math anxiety and math performance. A battery of computer-based tasks and questionnaires were administered to 205 university students. Two relevant results emerged. First, confirmatory factor analysis suggests that math anxiety encompassed both trait and state dimensions and, although they share substantial variance, trait-math anxiety predicted math performance over and above state-math anxiety. Second, working memory updating was the only executive function that mediated the relationship between math anxiety and math performance; neither inhibition nor switching played mediating roles. This calls into question whether some general proposals about the relationship between anxiety and executive functions can be extended specifically to math anxiety. We also raise the possibility that working memory updating or general cognitive difficulties might precede individual differences in math anxiety.Ítem The relationship between working memory updating components and reading comprehension(Springer, 2023) Linares, Rocío; Pelegrina, SantiagoThe objective of this study was to determine the contribution of retrieval and substitution components of working memory updating to reading comprehension. Difficulties in reading comprehension have been related to the inability to update information in working memory. Updating is a complex process comprising various subprocesses, such as retrieving information into the focus of attention and substituting information that is no longer relevant. Various numerical subtasks requiring or not requiring the substitution and retrieval components of working memory updating, as well as reading comprehension and general cognitive measures, were administered to a sample (n = 148) of 4th grade children. Less-skilled comprehenders showed lower accuracy when information retrieval was required. In contrast, substitution was not related to reading comprehension. These findings suggest that reading comprehension difficulties are related to the efficacy of information retrieval during updating in working memory.Ítem Training working memory updating in young adults(Springer, 2018) Linares, Rocío; Borella, Erika; Lechuga, M. Teresa; Carretti, Barbara; Pelegrina, SantiagoWorking memory updating (WMU) is a core mechanism in the human mental architecture and a Good predictor of a wide range of cognitive processes. This study analyzed the benefits of two different WMU training procedures, near transfer effects on a working memory measure, and far transfer effects on nonverbal reasoning. Maintenance of any benefits a month later was also assessed. Participants were randomly assigned to: an adaptive training group that performed two numerical WMU tasks during four sessions; a non-adaptive training group that performed the same tasks but on a constant and less demanding level of difficulty; or an active control group that performed other tasks unrelated with working memory. After the training, all three groups showed improvements in most of the tasks, and these benefits were maintained a month later. The gain in one of the two WMU measures was larger for the adaptive and non-adaptive groups than for the control group. This specific gain in a task similar to the one trained would indicate the use of a better strategy for performing the task. Besides this nearest transfer effect, no other transfer effects were found. The adaptability of the training procedure did not produce greater improvements. These results are discussed in terms of the training procedure and the feasibility of training WMU.