Examinando por Autor "Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel"
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Ítem A New Conformal Cooling Design Procedure for Injection Molding Based on Temperature Clusters and Multidimensional Discrete Models(MDPI, 2020-01-07) Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Díaz-Perete, Daniel; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents a new method for the automated design of the conformal cooling system for injection molding technology based on a discrete multidimensional model of the plastic part. The algorithm surpasses the current state of the art since it uses as input variables firstly the discrete map of temperatures of the melt plastic flow at the end of the filling phase, and secondly a set of geometrical parameters extracted from the discrete mesh together with technological and functional requirements of cooling in injection molds. In the first phase, the algorithm groups and classifies the discrete temperature of the nodes at the end of the filling phase in geometrical areas called temperature clusters. The topological and rheological information of the clusters along with the geometrical and manufacturing information of the surface mesh remains stored in a multidimensional discrete model of the plastic part. Taking advantage of using genetic evolutionary algorithms and by applying a physical model linked to the cluster specifications the proposed algorithm automatically designs and dimensions all the parameters required for the conformal cooling system. The method presented improves on any conventional cooling system design model since the cooling times obtained are analogous to the cooling times of analytical models, including boundary conditions and ideal solutions not exceeding 5% of relative error in the cases analyzed. The final quality of the plastic parts after the cooling phase meets the minimum criteria and requirements established by the injection industry. As an additional advantage the proposed algorithm allows the validation and dimensioning of the injection mold cooling system automatically, without requiring experienced mold designers with extensive skills in manual computing.Ítem A New Conformal Cooling System for Plastic Collimators Based on the Use of Complex Geometries and Optimization of Temperature Profiles(MDPI, 2021-08-16) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Catalán-Requena, Javier; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThe paper presents a new design of conformal cooling channels, for application in collimator-type optical plastic parts. The conformal channels that are presented exceed the thermal and dynamic performance of traditional and standard conformal channels, since they implement new sections of complex topology, capable of meeting the high geometric and functional specifications of the optical part, as well as the technological requirements of the additive manufacturing of the mold cavities. In order to evaluate the improvement and efficiency of the thermal performance of the solution presented, a transient numerical analysis of the cooling phase has been carried out, comparing the traditional cooling with the new geometry that is proposed. The evolution of the temperature profile versus the thickness of the part in the collimating core with greater thickness and temperature, has been evaluated in a transient mode. The analysis of the thermal profiles, the calculation of the integral mean ejection temperature at each time of the transient analysis, and the use of the Fourier formula, show great improvement in the cycle time in comparison with the traditional cooling. The application of the new conformal design reduces the manufacturing cycle time of the collimator part by 10 s, with this value being 13% of the total manufacturing cycle of the plastic part. As a further improvement, the use of the new cooling system reduces the amount of thickness in the collimator core, which is above the ejection temperature of the plastic material. The improvement in the thermal performance of the design of the parametric cooling channels that are presented not only has a significant reduction in the cycle time, but also improves the uniformity in the temperature map of the collimating part surface, the displacement field, and the stresses that are associated with the temperature gradient on the surface of the optical part.Ítem A new hybrid method for demoldability analysis of discrete geometries(Elsevier, 2016-07-27) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; Pérez-García, Jesús MaríaIn this paper, a new method for demoldability automatic analysis of parts to be manufactured in plastic injection is presented. The algorithm analysis is based on the geometry of the plastic part, which is discretized by a triangular mesh, posing a hybrid discrete demoldability analysis of both the mesh nodes and facets. A first preprocessing phase classifies mesh nodes according to their vertical dimension, assigning each node a plane perpendicular to the given parting direction. By selective projection of facets, closed contours which serve as the basis for calculating the demoldability of the nodes are created. The facets are then cataloged according to demoldability nodes that comprise demoldable, non-demoldable and semi-demoldable facets. Those facets listed as semi- demoldable are fragmented into demoldable and non-demoldable polygonal regions, causing a redefinition of the original mesh as a new virtual geometry. Finally, non-demoldable areas are studied by redirecting the mesh in the direction of the sliding side, and again applying the processing algorithm and cataloging nodes and facets. Resoluble areas of the piece through mobile devices in the mold are obtained. The hybrid analysis model (nodes and facets) takes advantage of working with a discrete model of the plastic part (nodes), supplemented by creating a new virtual geometry (new nodes and facets) that complements the original mesh, providing the designer not only with information about the geometry of the plastic piece but also information on their manufacture, exactly like a CAE tool. The geometry of the part is stored in arrays with information about their manufacture for use in downstream applications.Ítem A new method for the automated design of cooling systems in injection molds(Elsevier, 2018-06-19) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; Márquez-Sevillano, Juan de Juanes; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents a new method for the automatic design of the cooling system in injection molds, based on the discrete geometry of the plastic part. In a first phase the new algorithm recognizes the discrete topology of the part, obtaining its depth map and detecting flat, concave regions and slender details which are difficult to cool. The algorithm performs an automatic analysis of the heat transfer, taking into account functional parameters, in order to guarantee a uniform cooling of the part. Based firstly on the limit range distance from which the horizontal straight channels lose cooling effectiveness and secondly on the depth map data, the algorithm provides an optimal layout for the cooling system of the part by adapting it to its geometry. By means of adapting the precision of the algorithm to the molded geometry, both horizontal straight channels for low concavity areas and baffle matrixes for concave regions are used. In a second phase, the parameters of the cooling system such as channel diameter, channel separation etc, are dimensioned by means of genetic optimization algorithms. A second genetic optimization algorithm ensures uniformity and balance in the layout of the cooling system for the plastic part. The result is the design of the cooling system for the plastic part with the same performance as the conformal system. A constant distance between the cooling channels and the part surface is maintained, and at the same time the manufacturing of the mold using CNC techniques and traditional metal materials could be achieved. Complementarily, the algorithm performs an interference analysis with other parts of the mold such as the ejection system. The method does not need a subsequent CAE analysis since it takes into account functional and technical parameters related to heat transfer in its design, thus ensuring its functionality. The algorithm is independent of the CAD modeler used to create the part since it performs a recognition analysis of the part surfaces, being able to be implemented in any CAD system. The data obtained in the design can be used additionally in later applications including the automated design of the injection mold.Ítem A novel geometric predictive algorithm for assessing Compressive Elastic Modulus in MEX additive processes, based on part nonlinearities and layers stiffness, validated with PETG and PLA materials(Elsevier, 2024-04) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Martin-Doñate, CristinaMEX (Material Extrusion) is an intrusive technological process that inherently induces alterations in the elastic and mechanical parameters of plastic materials. Manufacturers provide initial mechanical parameters for plastic filaments, which undergo modifications during MEX manufacturing, influenced by intrinsic manufacturing factors such as temperature and pressure changes, as well as geometric and technological parameters of the 3D additive process. These factors, compounded by the inherent geometric nonlinearities in plastic components, directly impact the post-manufacture mechanical and elastic properties of the material. Presently, material characterization in MEX manufacturing relies on manual experimental testing, necessitating new tests for any variation in manufacturing parameters. In this scenario of mechanical uncertainty, rigorously validating component behavior involves costly experimental trials. Intending to solve the problems of MEX components manufacturing, the paper presents an innovative methodology based on the use of a new predictive algorithm created by the researchers capable of obtaining the elastic modulus of a plastic material manufactured with MEX and its mechanical behaviour in the elastic zone under compressive loads. The predictive algorithm only needs as input the compressive elastic modulus of the isotropic plastic material filament and the manufacturing parameters of the MEX process. The smart developed algorithm calculates the stiffness of each layer considering the number of holes in the projected area. The innovative predictive algorithm has been experimentally and numerically validated using PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) material and PLA (Polylactic Acid) on test specimens and on a case study of variable topology. The results show deviations from [0.2% – 4.3%] for PETG and [0.4%] for PLA concerning the experimental tests and [1.1%-13.5%], to the numerical analyses. In this line, the presented algorithm greatly improves the results obtained by the simulation software since this software currently can not consider the geometric and technological parameters associated with the 3D manufacturing process of the component. The predictive algorithm is valid for each print pattern and manufacturing direction. The new algorithm improves the existing state of the art significantly since this algorithm extends its utility to most plastic polymer materials suitable for MEX 3D printing, provided that the mechanical and elastic properties of the filament are known. Its versatility extends to complex component geometries subjected to uniaxial compression loads, eliminating the need for mechanical analysis software or expensive experimental validations.Ítem A numerical and experimental study of a new Savonius wind rotor adaptation based on product design requirements(Elsevier, 2018-01-09) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; Guerrero-Villar, Francisca; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents the numerical-experimental study carried out on a new rotor adapted from a Savonius rotor. Aesthetic, ergonomic and functional requirements have been incorporated into it in order to be part of sustainable consumer products. The new rotor consists of a parametric model adaptable to the dimensions and geometry of the products which it will be part of. A set of translation, symmetry, rotation and scaling operations have been applied to the bucket sections of the Savonius rotor by means of transforming the initial cylindrical buckets into topological surfaces with an organic shape. The new modified Savonius rotor and the conventional Savonius with the same Aspect Ratio have been tested in an open jet wind tunnel in order to verify the influence level of product design parameters on rotor performance, in terms of power coefficient, torque coefficient and mechanical power generated. Experimental tests have been carried out for Reynolds values in the range of [3,430·104 and 1,419·105]. A numerical analysis using an incompressible unsteady Reynolds average Navier Stockes model has been validated by means of the experimental results. Experimental and numerical results coincide with a 3.5% error. The behavior of the turbine has been analyzed by varying the angle of rotation for the sections of its buckets. Using a rotation angle of 45 ° the power coefficient values improve by 32% compared to the values obtained using an angle of 0 °. The rotor has been dimensioned for its application in a patented consumer product of small dimensions and requirements of lateral accessibility to its interior. Under these limited conditions the rotor meets the small-scale energy requirements of the product. The new rotor is designed as an aid to the energy consumption of the product in which it is incorporated, maintaining the advantages of a conventional Savonius rotor as self-starting, easy manufacture and maintenance, obtaining at the same time a product that sells better, is more able to integrate into its environment and is customizable for the consumer.Ítem A numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology based on product specifications(Springer, 2019-04-13) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; La Rubia-García, María Dolores; Lozano-Arjona, David; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents a numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA material manufactured with FDM based on product specifications. A first experimental test in accordance with the requirements and conditions established in the ISO 604 standard characterizes the mechanical and elastic properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology and product requirements in a uniaxial compression stress field by testing six specimens. A second experimental test allows analyzing the structural behavior of the industrial case, evaluating the compression stiffness, the compression yield stress, the field of displacements and stress along its elastic area until reaching the compression yield stress and the ultimate yield stress data. To improve the structural analysis of the case study, a numerical validation was carried out using two analytical models. The first analytical model applies an interpolation procedure to the experimental results of the tested specimens in order to characterize the uniaxial tension-compression curve versus the nominal deformations by means of an 8-degree polynomial function. The second model defines the plastic material as elastic and isotropic with Young's compression modulus constant and according to the guidelines established in ISO standard 604. The comparison between experimental tests and numerical simulation results for the study case verify that the new model that uses the proposed polynomial function is closer to the experimental solution with only an 0.36% error, in comparison with the model with Young's compression modulus constant that reaches an error of 4.27%. The results of the structural analysis of the mechanical element indicate that the elastic region of the plastic material PLA manufactured with FDM can be modeled numerically as an isotropic material, using the elastic properties from the experimental results of the specimens tested according to ISO standard 604. In this way it is possible to characterize the PLA FDM material as isotropic, obtaining as an advantage its easy definition in the numerical simulation software as it does not require the modification of the constitutive equations in the material database. SEM micrographs have indicated that the fracture of the failed test specimens is of the brittle type, mainly caused by the separation between the central plastic filament layers of the specimens. The results presented suggest that the use of FDM technology with PLA material is promising for the manufacture of low volume industrial components that are subject to compression efforts or for the manufacture of components by the user.Ítem A numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology based on product specifications(Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 103, pages1893–1909 (2019), 2019-04-13) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; La Rubia-García, M.Dolores; Lozano-Arjona, David; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents a numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA material manufactured with FDM based on product specifications. A first experimental test in accordance with the requirements and conditions established in the ISO 604 standard characterizes the mechanical and elastic properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology and product requirements in a uniaxial compression stress field by testing six specimens. A second experimental test allows analyzing the structural behavior of the industrial case, evaluating the compression stiffness, the compression yield stress, the field of displacements, and stress along its elastic area until reaching the compression yield stress and the ultimate yield stress data. To improve the structural analysis of the case study, a numerical validation was carried out using two analytical models. The first analytical model applies an interpolation procedure to the experimental results of the tested specimens in order to characterize the uniaxial tension-compression curve versus the nominal deformations by means of an 8-degree polynomial function. The second model defines the plastic material as elastic and isotropic with Young’s compression modulus constant and according to the guidelines established in ISO standard 604. The comparison between experimental tests and numerical simulation results for the study case verify that the new model that uses the proposed polynomial function is closer to the experimental solution with only an 0.36% error, in comparison with the model with Young’s compression modulus constant that reaches an error of 4.27%. The results of the structural analysis of the mechanical element indicate that the elastic region of the plastic material PLA manufactured with FDM can be modeled numerically as an isotropic material, using the elastic properties from the experimental results of the specimens tested according to ISO standard 604. In this way, it is possible to characterize the PLA FDM material as isotropic, obtaining as an advantage its easy definition in the numerical simulation software as it does not require the modification of the constitutive equations in the material database. SEM micrographs have indicated that the fracture of the failed test specimens is of the brittle type, mainly caused by the separation between the central plastic filament layers of the specimens. The results presented suggest that the use of FDM technology with PLA material is promising for the manufacture of low volume industrial components that are subject to compression efforts or for the manufacture of components by the user.Ítem Application of new conformal cooling layouts to the green injection molding of complex slender polymeric parts with high dimensional specifications(MDPI, 2023-01-21) Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Caballero-Garcia, Juan de Dios; Martin-Doñate, CristinaEliminating warpage in injection molded polymeric parts is one of the most important problems in the injection molding industry today. This situation is critical in geometries that are particularly susceptible to warping due to their geometric features, as occurs with topologies of great length and slenderness with high changes in thickness. These features are, in these special geometries, impossible to manufacture with traditional technologies meeting the dimensional and sustainable requirements of the industry. The paper presents an innovative green conformal cooling system that is specifically designed for parts with slender geometric shapes, highly susceptible to warping. Additionally, the work presented by the authors investigates the importance of using highly conductive inserts made of steel alloys in combination with the use of additively manufactured conformal channels in reducing influential parameters such as warpage, cooling time and residual stresses in the complex manufacturing of long and slender parts. The results for a real industrial case study indicate that the use of conformal cooling layouts decreases cycle time by 175.1 s - 66% below the current cooling time, the temperature gradient by 78.5% specifically 18.16 ºC, the residual stress by 39.78 MPa or – 81.88 %, and the warpage by 6.9 mm or- 90.5%. In this way, it is possible to achieve a final warping in the complex geometry studied of 0.72 mm under the maximum value required at the industrial level of 1 mm. The resulting values obtained by the researchers present a turning point from which the manufacturing and sustainability in injection molding of said plastic geometries is possible, taking into account that the geometric manufacturing features 30 analyzed, will present a great demand in the coming years in the auto parts manufacturing industryÍtem Enhancing complex injection mold design validation using 2 multicombined RV environments(MDPI, 2024-04) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Garcia-Molina, Diego Francisco; Gutierrez-Jimenez, Bartolomé; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThe intricate design of real complex injection molds poses significant challenges. Mold design validation often falls to operators with tool-handling experience but limited CAD proficiency. Unlike other industries, the scale and costs of injection mold fabrication hinder prototyping before production. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a revolutionary solution offering a safe, immersive, and realistic experience and accessible using QR codes. This paper presents a new multimodal virtual environment tailored to validate mold design complexities. Integrating knowledge-enriched visual tools like interactive 3D models and dynamic visualizations enables users to explore complex mold designs. Statistical analyses, including the Wilcoxon test, unveil significant differences in interference detection, internal topology tracking, and validation of assembly and disassembly accessibility for both small and large mold components when comparing validation conducted through traditional means using solely CAD systems versus the utilization of multidimensional validation methods. Efficiency gains in using VR devices for mold design validation in a hybrid environment in the analysis of relative frequencies. The present study surpasses the state of the art illustrating how VR technology can substantially reduce manufacturing errors in injection molding processes, thereby offering important advantages for manufacturers emerging as an essential tool for this impact industry in the next years.Ítem Enhancing Complex Injection Mold Design Validation Using Multicombined RV Environments(MDPI, 2024-04-16) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Gutierrez-Jiménez, Bartolomé; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThe intricate design of real complex injection molds poses significant challenges. Mold design validation often falls to operators with tool-handling experience but limited CAD proficiency. Unlike other industries, the scale and costs of injection mold fabrication hinder prototyping before production. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a revolutionary solution offering a safe, immersive, and realistic experience and accessible using QR codes. This paper presents a new multimodal virtual environment tailored to validate mold design complexities. Integrating knowledge-enriched visual tools like interactive 3D models and dynamic visualizations enables users to explore complex mold designs. Statistical analyses, including the Wilcoxon test, unveil significant differences in interference detection, internal topology tracking, and validation of assembly and disassembly accessibility for both small and large mold components when comparing validation conducted through traditional means using solely CAD systems versus the utilization of multidimensional validation methods. Efficiency gains in using VR devices for mold design validation in a hybrid environment in the analysis of relative frequencies. The present study surpasses the state of the art illustrating how VR technology can substantially reduce manufacturing errors in injection molding processes, thereby offering important advantages for manufacturers emerging as an essential tool for this impact industry in the next years.Ítem Experimental and numerical analysis for the mechanical characterization of PETG polymers manufactured with FDM technology under pure uniaxial compression stress states for architectural applications(mdpi, 2020-09-25) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; La Rubia, M.Dolores; Mata-García, Elena; Rodríguez-Santiago, Moisés; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents the numerical and experimental analysis performed on the polymeric material Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) manufactured with Fused Deposition Modeling Technology (FDM) technology, aiming at obtaining its mechanical characterization under uniaxial compression loads. Firstly, with the objective of evaluating the printing direction that poses a greater mechanical strength, eighteen test specimens were manufactured and analyzed according to the requirements of the ISO-604 standards. After that, a second experimental test analyzed the mechanical behavior of an innovative structural design manufactured in Z and X–Y directions under uniaxial compression loads according to the requirements of the Spanish CTE standard. The experimental results point to a mechanical linear behavior of PETG in X, Y and Z manufacturing directions up to strain levels close to the yield strength point. SEM micrographs show di erent structural failures linked to the specimen manufacturing directions. Test specimens manufactured along X present a brittle fracture caused by a delamination process. On the contrary, test specimens manufactured along X and Y directions show permanent plastic deformations, great flexibility and less strength under compression loads. Two numerical analyses were performed on the structural part using Young’s compression modulus obtained from the experimental tests and the load specifications required for the Spanish CTE standards. The comparison between numerical and experimental results presents a percentage of relative error of 2.80% (Z-axis), 3.98% (X-axis) and 3.46% (Y-axis), which allows characterizing PETG plastic material manufactured with FDM as an isotropic material in the numerical simulation software without modifying the material modeling equations in the data software. The research presented here is of great help to researchers working with polymers and FDM technology for companies that might need to numerically simulate new designs with the PETG polymer and FDM technology.Ítem Experimental and Numerical Analysis for the Mechanical Characterization of PETG Polymers Manufactured with FDM Technology under Pure Uniaxial Compression Stress States for Architectural Applications(MDPI, 2020-09-25) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; La Rubia-García, María Dolores; Mata-García, Elena; Rodriguez-Santiago, Moisés; Martín-Doñate, CristinaThis paper presents the numerical and experimental analysis performed on the polymeric material Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) manufactured with Fused Deposition Modeling Technology (FDM) technology, aiming at obtaining its mechanical characterization under uniaxial compression loads. Firstly, with the objective of evaluating the printing direction that poses a greater mechanical strength, eighteen test specimens were manufactured and analyzed according to the requirements of the ISO-604 standards. After that, a second experimental test analyzed the mechanical behavior of an innovative structural design manufactured in Z and X–Y directions under uniaxial compression loads according to the requirements of the Spanish CTE standard. The experimental results point to a mechanical linear behavior of PETG in X, Y and Z manufacturing directions up to strain levels close to the yield strength point. SEM micrographs show different structural failures linked to the specimen manufacturing directions. Test specimens manufactured along X present a brittle fracture caused by a delamination process. On the contrary, test specimens manufactured along X and Y directions show permanent plastic deformations, great flexibility and less strength under compression loads. Two numerical analyses were performed on the structural part using Young’s compression modulus obtained from the experimental tests and the load specifications required for the Spanish CTE standards. The comparison between numerical and experimental results presents a percentage of relative error of 2.80% (Z-axis), 3.98% (X-axis) and 3.46% (Y-axis), which allows characterizing PETG plastic material manufactured with FDM as an isotropic material in the numerical simulation software without modifying the material modeling equations in the data software. The research presented here is of great help to researchers working with polymers and FDM technology for companies that might need to numerically simulate new designs with the PETG polymer and FDM technology.Ítem Impact of topographic factors on animal field pathings: Analysis and prediction of deer movement patterns(ELSEVIER, 2024-01-19) Valderrama-Zafra, José Manuel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Ángel; García-Molina, Diego Francisco; Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Oya, Antonia; Carrasco, Rafael; Azorit, ConcepciónUnderstanding and tracking the complexities of animal movement patterns is of paramount importance in wildlife management, conservation efforts, and the sustainable use of natural resources. An infinite number of factors influence the movement path of animals within their respective habitats, including: the structure of the habitat, the availability of resources, the presence of natural predators, social memory, the topographic attributes of the environment, etc. Numerous studies have attempted to delineate the spatial boundaries of animal habitats by elucidating the complexities of their movement dynamics. These investigations have highlighted the profound impact of factors such as environmental topography and the presence of natural impediments and other anthropogenic structures on animal mobility, but very few have analyzed topographic factors at a fine three-dimensional spatial scale. This research focuses on a novel methodology for identifying animal trajectories at a fine scale and evaluating the influence of topographic factors on these trajectories, specifically of deer herds in southern Spain. To understand movement patterns, transects recorded in the field due to continued use by deer are analyzed. Topographical information was obtained in two steps: first with a graphical analysis of orthophotos for the incorporation of the sufficient data set. Secondly, the veracity of this data was verified using Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking technology. The integration of data from multiple sources with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allowed the analysis to be automated. Next a statistical linear regression model, based on both the ascent and descent lengths and the total length of the path traveled, was designed to infer the trajectories between two designated points within the study area. Using topographical variables obtained in the study environment, such as the slope, the elevation difference (cumulative vertical distance), and the 3D length of the transect paths, the influence of these variables on the movement decisions of animals within their habitat is established in order to facilitate their subsequent prediction. Analytical tests of the trajectories have shown that the movement behavior of cervids is predictable. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology presented which, by providing and collect valuable topographic information on movement and transit areas, can guide sustainable management practices for deer populations and their habitats.Ítem Methodology for intelligent plastic injection point location based on geometric algorithms and discrete topologies for virtual digital twin environments(FEDERACION ASOCIACIONES INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES ESPANAALAMEDA DE MAZARREDO, BILBAO 69-48009, SPAIN, 2014-01) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Torres-Alba, Abelardo; Martin-Doñate, CristinaImplementing intelligent design models can revolutionize the use of digital twins, which are crucial in product design by incorporating intelligent algorithms. This perspective is especially important for the design of injection-molded plastic parts, a complex process that often requires expert knowledge and costly simulation software not available to all companies. This article presents an innovative methodology for locating injection points in injection-molded parts using intelligent models with geometric algorithms for discrete topologies. The first algorithm calculates the center of mass of the discrete model based on the center of mass of each triangular facet in the system, ensuring uniform molten plastic distribution during mold cavity filling. Two sub-algorithms intelligently evaluate the geometry and optimal injection point location. The first sub-algorithm generates a geometric matrix based on a two-dimensional nodal quadrature adapted to the part's bounding box. The second sub-algorithm projects the nodal matrix and associated circular areas orthogonally on the part's surface along the demolding direction. The optimal injection point location is determined by minimizing the distance to the center of mass from the first algorithm's result. This novel methodology has been validated through rheological simulations in six case studies with complex geometries. The results demonstrate uniform and homogeneous molten plastic distribution with minimal pressure loss during the filling phase. Importantly, this methodology does not require expert intervention, reducing time and costs associated with manual injection mold feed system design. It is also adaptable to various design environments and virtual twin systems, not tied to specific CAD software. The validated results surpass the state of the art, offering an agile alternative for digital twin applications in new product design environments, reducing dependence on experts, facilitating designer training, and ultimately cutting costsÍtem PARAMETRIC DESIGN AND ADAPTIVE SIZING OF LATTICE STRUCTURES FOR 3D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING(FEDERACION ASOCIACIONES INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES ESPANAALAMEDA DE MAZARREDO, BILBAO 69-48009, SPAIN, 2025-01) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; Diaz-Perete, Daniel; Rubio-Paramio, Miguel Angel; Martin-Doñate, CristinaThe present research is developed into the realm of industrial design engineering and additive manufacturing by introducing a parametric design model and adaptive mechanical analysis for a new lattice structure, with a focus on 3D additive manufacturing of complex parts. Focusing on the land-scape of complex parts additive manufacturing, this research proposes geometric parameterization, mechanical adaptive sizing, and numerical validation of a novel lattice structure to optimize the final printed part volume and mass, as well as its structural rigidity. The topology of the lattice structures exhibited pyramidal geometry. Complete parameterization of the lattice structure ensures that the known geometric parameters adjust to defined restrictions, enabling dynamic adaptability based on its load states and boundary conditions, thereby enhancing its mechanical performance. The core methodology integrates analytical automation with mechanical analysis by employing a model based in two-dimensional beam elements. The dimensioning of the lattice structure is analyzed using rigidity models of its sub-elements, providing an evaluation of its global structural behavior after applying the superposition principle. Numerical validation was performed to validate the proposed analytical model. This step ensures that the analytical model defined for dimensioning the lattice structure adjusts to its real mechanical behavior and allows its validation. The present manuscript aims to advance additive manufacturing methodologies by offering a systematic and adaptive approach to lattice structure design. Parametric and adaptive techniques foster new industrial design engineering methods, enabling the dynamic tailoring of lattice structures to meet their mechanical demands and enhance their overall efficiency and performance.Ítem Using numerical-experimental analysis to evaluate rPET mechanical behavior under compressive stresses and MEX additive manufacturing for new sustainable designs(Emerald insight, 2023-07-02) Mercado-Colmenero, Jorge Manuel; La Rubia, M. Dolores; Mata-García, Elena; Rodriguez-Santiago, Moisés; Martin-Doñate, CristinaPurpose – Because of the anisotropy of the process and the variability in the quality of printed parts, finite element analysis is not directly applicable to recycled materials manufactured using fused filament fabrication. The purpose of this study is to investigate the numericalexperimental mechanical behavior modeling of the recycled polymer, that is, recyclable polyethylene terephthalate (rPET), manufactured by a deposition FFF process under compressive stresses for new sustainable designs. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 42 test specimens were manufactured and analyzed according to the ASTM D695-15 standards. Eight numerical analyzes were performed on a real design manufactured with rPET using Young’s compression modulus from the experimental tests. Finally, eight additional experimental tests under uniaxial compression loads were performed on the real sustainable design for validating its mechanical behavior versus computational numerical tests. Findings – As a result of the experimental tests, rPET behaves linearly until it reaches the elastic limit, along each manufacturing axis. The results of this study confirmed the design’s structural safety by the load scenario and operating boundary conditions. Experimental and numerical results show a difference of 0.001–0.024 mm, allowing for the rPET to be configured as isotropic in numerical simulation software without having to modify its material modeling equations. Practical implications – The results obtained are of great help to industry, designers and researchers because they validate the use of recycled rPET for the ecological production of real-sustainable products using MEX technology under compressive stress and its configuration for numerical simulations. Major design companies are now using recycled plastic materials in their high-end designs. Originality/value – Validation results have been presented on test specimens and real items, comparing experimental material configuration values with numerical results. Specifically, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no industrial or scientific work has been conducted with rPET subjected to uniaxial compression loads for characterizing experimentally and numerically the material using these results for validating a real case of a sustainable industrial product.