Examinando por Autor "Lavilla, Leyre"
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Ítem Antibiotic multiresistance analysis of mesophilic and psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. isolated from goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces throughout the meat production process(Science Direct (Elsevier), 2014-11) Lavilla, Leyre; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Casado-Muñoz, Maria Carmen; Gálvez-del-Postigo, Antonio; Abriouel, HikmateThe aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of pseudomonads isolated from surfaces of a goat and lamb slaughterhouse, which were representative of areas that are possible sources of meat contamination. Mesophilic (85 isolates) and psychrotrophic (37 isolates) pseudomonads identified at the species level generally were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, rifampin, and ceftazidime (especially mesophiles), as well as colistin and tetracycline (especially psychrotrophes). However, they generally were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, and kanamycin regardless of species identity. Worryingly, in the present study, we found multidrug resistance (MDR) to up to 13 antibiotics, which was related to intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, a link between various antimicrobial resistance genes was shown for beta-lactams and tetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides. The distribution and resistomebased analysis of MDR pseudomonads in different slaughterhouse zones indicated that the main sources of the identical or related pseudomonad strains were the animals (feet and wool) and the slaughterhouse environment, being disseminated from the beginning, or entrance environment, to the environment of the finished meat products. Those facts must be taken into consideration to avoid cross-contamination with the subsequent flow of mobile resistance determinants throughout all slaughterhouse zones and then to humans and the environment by the application of adequate practices of hygiene and disinfection measures, including those for animal wool and feet and also the entrance environment.Ítem Antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus pentosus and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides isolated from naturally- fermented Aloreña table olives throughout fermentation process.(Science Direct (Elsevier), 2014-02-17) Casado-Muñoz, Maria Carmen; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Lavilla, Leyre; Gálvez-del-Postigo, Antonio; Abriouel, HikmateAntimicrobial resistance of Lactobacillus pentosus (n = 59) and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (n = 13) isolated from Aloreña green table olives (which are naturally-fermented olives from Málaga, Spain) to 15 antibiotics was evaluated. Most Lb. pentosus (95%) and all Lc. pseudomesenteroides were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Principal component analysis determined that the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in LAB throughout the fermentation process was highly dependent on the fermenter where the fermentation took place. All Lb. pentosus and Lc. pseudomesenteroides strains were highly sensitive to amoxicillin and ampicillin (MIC ≤ 2 μg/ml), and also to chloramphenicol (MIC ≤ 4 μg/ml), gentamicin and erythromycin (MIC ≤ 16 μg/ml). However, they were phenotypically resistant to streptomycin (83–100%, MIC N 256 μg/ml), vancomycin and teicoplanin (70–100%, MIC N 128 μg/ml), trimethoprim (76% of Lb. pentosus and 15% of Lc. pseudomesenteroides, MIC N 128 μg/ml), trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazol (71–100%, MIC N 4–64 μg/ml) and cefuroxime (44% of Lb. pentosus and 85% of Lc. pseudomesenteroides, MIC N 32–128 μg/ml). Lb. pentosus was susceptible to tetracycline and clindamycin, while 46% of Lc. pseudomesenteroides strains were resistant to these antibiotics. Only Lb. pentosus strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (70%, MIC N 4–64 μg/ml), although no mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions of the genes encoding GyrA and ParC were found, thus indicating an intrinsic resistance. Similarly, no genes encoding possible transferable resistance determinants for the observed phenotypic resistance were detected by PCR. In some cases, a bimodal distribution of MICs was observed for some antibiotics to which both LAB species exhibited resistance. Nevertheless, such resistances resulted from an intrinsic mechanism, non-transferable or non-acquired resistance determinants which may in part be due to chromosomally encoded efflux pumps (NorA, MepA and MdeA). Results of the present study demonstrate that all Lb. pentosus and Lc. pseudomesenteroides strains lack transferable resistance-related genes (cat, bla, blaZ, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA/B, ereA, ereB, mphA, mefA, tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), tet(W), tet(L), tet(K), aad(E), aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′)-Ia, aph(2′)-Ib, aph(2′)-Ic, aph(2′)-Id, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(4′)-Ia, dfrA, dfrD, vanA, vanB, vanC and vanE) and should therefore, according to Qualified Presumption of Safety criteria, be considered safe for future application as starter cultures or as probiotics.Ítem Diversity, distribution and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces and end products(2014-12-05) Lavilla, Leyre; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Knapp, Charles; Correa-Galeote, David; Gálvez-del-Postigo, Antonio; Abriouel, HikmateThe distribution and quantification of tetracycline, sulfonamide and beta-lactam resistance genes were assessed in slaughterhouse zones throughout meat chain production and the meat products; this study represents the first to report quantitatively monitor antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in goat and lamb slaughterhouse using a culture independent approach, since most studies focused on individual bacterial species and their specific resistance types. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed a high prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetB in almost all slaughterhouse zones. Sulfonamide resistance genes were largely distributed, while beta-lactam resistance genes were less predominant. Statistical analysis revealed that resistant bacteria, in most cases, were spread by the same route in almost all slaughterhouse zones, except for tetB, blaCTX and blaTEM genes, which occurred in few zones as isolated ‘hot spots.’ The sum of all analyzed ARG indicated that slaughterhouse surfaces and end products act as reservoirs of ARG, mainly tet genes, which were more prevalent in slaughtering room (SR), cutting room (CR) and commercial meat products (MP). Resistance gene patterns suggest they were disseminated throughout slaughterhouse zones being also detected in commercial meat products, with significant correlations between different sampling zones/end products and total resistance in SR, CR and white room (WR) zones, and also refrigerator 4 (F4) and MP were observed. Strategically controlling key zones in slaughterhouse (SR, CR and WR) by adequate disinfection methods could strategically reduce the risks of ARG transmission and minimize the issues of food safety and environment contamination.Ítem Estudio de los determinantes genéticos de resistencias a biocidas y su papel en la resistencia cruzada con antibióticos en bacterias de origen alimentario(Jaén : Universidad de Jaén, 2014-11-07) Lavilla, Leyre; Abriouel, Hikmate; Universidad de Jaén. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud[ES] Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la incidencia de la resistencia a antibióticos y biocidas en bacterias de origen alimentario. Para ello, hemos analizado mediante procedimientos dependientes e independientes de cultivo dicha resistencia a lo largo de la cadena de producción de la carne, así mismo hemos evaluado fenotípicamente y genotípicamente la resistencia en dos grupos microbianos patógenos tales como Pseudomonas sp. y Enterococcus sp. Nuestros resultados indicaron una alta resistencia a antibóticos de uso común en la clínica y biocidas frecuentemente usados en la industria alimentaria, así mismo hemos revelado los mecanismos moleculares implicados en dicha resistencia (genes específicos y bombas de exporte). Además, mediante estudios estadísticos, hemos determinado la interconexión entre ambos antimicrobianos la cual se ve reflejada por una resistencia cruzada entre algunos biocidas y antibióticos sugiriendo así que tipo de medidas a adoptar para evitar la diseminación de genes de resistencia a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria.Ítem Phenotypic and molecular antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from different traditional fermented foods.(Mary Ann Liebert, 2013) Sánchez-Valenzuela, Antonio; Lavilla, Leyre; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Gálvez-del-Postigo, Antonio; Pérez-Pulido, Rubén; Abriouel, HikmateA collection of 55 enterococci (41 Enterococcus faecium and 14 E. faecalis strains) isolated from various traditional fermented foodstuffs of both animal and vegetable origins, and water was evaluated for resistance against 15 antibiotics. Lower incidence of resistance was observed with gentamicin, ampicillin, penicillin and teicoplanin. However, a high incidence of antibiotic resistance was detected for rifampicin (12 out of 14 of isolates), ciprofloxacin (9/14), and quinupristin/dalfopristin (8/14) in E. faecalis strains. Enterococcus faecium isolates were resistant to rifampicin (25/41), ciprofloxacin (23/41), erythromycin (18/41), levofloxacin (16/41), and nitrofurantoin (15/41). One Enterococcus faecalis and two E. faecium strains were resistant to vancomycin (MIC > 16 lg/mL). Among 55 isolates, 27 (19 E. faecium and eight E. faecalis) were resistant to at least three antibiotics. High level of multidrug resistance to clinically important antibiotics was detected in E. faecalis strains (57% of E. faecalis versus 46% of E. faecium), which showed resistance to six to seven antibiotics, especially those isolated from foods of animal origin. So, it is necessary to re-evaluate the use of therapeutic antibiotics in stock farms at both regional and international levels due to the high number of multiple resistant (MR) bacteria. Fiftysix MR E. faecalis and E. faecium strains selected from this and previous studies (Valenzuela et al., 2008, 2010) were screened by polymerase chain reaction for antibiotic resistance genes, revealing the presence of tet(L), tet(M), ermB, cat, efrA, efrB, mphA, or msrA/B genes. The ABC Multidrug Efflux Pump EfrAB was detected in 96% of E. faecalis strains and also in 13% of E. faecium strains; this is the first report describing EfrAB in this enterococcal species. The efflux pump–associated msrA/B gene was detected in 66.66% of E. faecium strains, but not in E. faecalis strains.Ítem Role of EFRAB efflux pump in biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from traditional fermented foods and the effect of EDTA as EFRAB inhibitor.(Science Direct (Elsevier), 2014-12) Lavilla, Leyre; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Sánchez-Valenzuela, Antonio; Casado-Muñoz, María Carmen; Gálvez-del-Postigo, Antonio; Abriouel, HikmateEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from various traditional fermented foods of both animal and vegetable origins have shown multidrug resistance to several antibiotics and tolerance to biocides. Reduced susceptibility was intra and inter-species dependent and was due to specific and unspecific mechanisms such as efflux pumps. EfrAB, a heterodimeric ABC transporter efflux pump, was detected in 100% of multidrug resistant (MDR) E. faecalis strains and only in 12% of MDR E. faecium strains. EfrAB expression was induced by half of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. However, expression of efrA and efrB genes was highly dependent on the strain tested and on the antimicrobial used. Our results indicated that 3 mM EDTA highly reduced the MICs of almost all drugs tested. Nevertheless, the higher reductions (>8 folds) were obtained with gentamicin, streptomycin, chlorhexidine and triclosan. Reductions of MICs were correlated with downregulation of EfrAB expression (10e140 folds) in all three MDR enterococci strains. This is the first report describing the role of EfrAB in the efflux of antibiotics and biocides which reflect also the importance of EfrAB in multidrug resistance in enterococci. EDTA used at low concentration as food preservative could be one of the best choices to prevent spread of multidrug resistant enterococci throughout food chain by decreasing EfrAB expression. EfrAB could be an attractive target not only in enterococci present in food matrix but also those causing infections as well by using EDTA as therapeutic agent in combination with low doses of antibiotics.Ítem Violencia laboral experimentada por enfermeras en hospitales de la región norte de Marruecos(Jaén : Universidad de Jaén, 2023-09-15) Safae, Ouma; Benomar El Bakali, Nabil; Rouahi, Nabila; Lavilla, Leyre; Universidad de Jaén. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud[ES] La incidencia de la violencia en el lugar de trabajo (VLT) en el sector de la salud está aumentando. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) evaluar la VLT que enfrentan las enfermeras y 2) identificar los factores relacionados. Realizamos un estudio transversal en el campo en 2021, en el noroeste de Marruecos (35.2630° N, 5.5617° W). Se reclutaron enfermeras que trabajaban al menos 2 años a tiempo completo y se les informó sobre el Formulario de Incidencia Violenta (FIV). Obtuvimos una tasa de respuesta del 98% y un 97% de exposición a al menos un episodio el último año. La violencia verbal es el tipo más común de violencia. Se obtuvieron factores significativos como la edad de las víctimas y los agresores, y el estado mental del agresor. Las enfermeras menores de 39 años estuvieron significativamente más expuestas a la VLT que las de mayor edad. Los datos sobre los autores de la VLT mostraron un resultado significativo. Se observó una alta exposición de las enfermeras a la VLT. Los factores significativos deben tenerse en cuenta para el control de la VLT.