Examinando por Autor "Gallego-Valero, Leticia"
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Ítem 1. Analysis of environmental taxes to finance wastewater treatment in Spain: an opportunity for regeneration?(MDPI, 2018) Gallego-Valero, Leticia; Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Román-Sánchez, Isabel María; Sánchez-Pérez, José AntonioThe treatment of wastewater, financed through environmental taxes, is key to the development of a sustainable economy. The objective of this study is to verify whether the tax loads on wastewater discharges applied in Spain are effective, allowing the costs of secondary and tertiary treatments to be financed. First, the revenues collected from taxes related to the discharge of wastewater in the different Spanish regions, which reach an average value of 0.72 €/m3, are analysed. Second, the costs of secondary wastewater treatment, prolonged aeration, activated sludge with nutrient removal, and activated sludge without nutrient removal are studied. Additionally, the costs of tertiary treatments, with environmental objectives and for reuse purposes, are considered. The analysis carried out reveals high heterogeneity in the amounts collected through taxes in the different Autonomous Communities. In some cases, these amounts do not cover the costs of the treatments. An urgent review is therefore required of the financing systems applied in order to secure a level of income that can cover all the exploitation and investment costs incurred.Ítem Globalization versus Regionalization in Agri-Food Exports from Spain and Portugal(MPDI, 2024-06-19) Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Zozaya-Montes, María; Gallego-Valero, LeticiaSpain and Portugal, two countries located in southern Europe, share a significant export specialization in agricultural and agri-food products compared to the EU-27 as a whole. Based on arguments drawn from the literature and information provided by Eurostat, this paper first identifies the characteristics of the dynamics of sales of agri-food products in the international market for the two Iberian Peninsula economies between 2008 and 2022, a period marked by the introduction of restrictions on foreign trade flows worldwide. Secondly, using panel data methodology, it examines how imports by EU-27 partners influence this trajectory. The results confirm the strengthening of export specialization in these two countries, which sell a wide variety of agri-food products in international markets. Additionally, in the case of Spain, the estimated concentration indices show a spatial diversification process towards new destinations. In both economies, however, the EU-27 market, characterized by strong competition and low development expectations, continues to influence export trends in the short and medium terms. Consequently, institutions and companies in the sector must adopt a more dynamic approach and implement actions aimed at facilitating access to new export destinations and consolidating business there. Thus, an increasing share of their exports should be reoriented towards markets with higher demand growth, helping to reinforce the global competitiveness of the national agri-food sector. This research contributes to the scientific literature on the medium- and long-term effects of economic integration processes on the exports of agri-food products of member countries.Ítem Key factors driving PDO olive oil prices at origin in Spain(Bologna UniversityPress, 2025) Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; García-Moral, Ana; Gallego-Valero, LeticiaSpain, the world’s leading producer of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), has 29 protected designations of origin (PDOs) in this sector in 2021. The objectives of this research are, first, to analyse the differences in the origin value of this product with differentiated quality, based on the geographic area of origin; and, secondly, using panel data methodology, to research how certain variables such as the age of the PDO, the production volume, the orientation of part of the supply towards international markets or the development of oleotourism activities in a territory influences the average price paid to the producer. The results show that age, export to non-EU countries and oleotourism positively affect the product’s value. These findings should be taken into account in the design of possible actions by companies, PDO Regulatory Councils (RCs) and influential institutions in the sector, at European, national and regional levels. This article contributes to the evaluation of EU’s agri-food product quality policy and examines the factors influencing the price at origin of certified products, which condition the sector’s profitability and the future of PDO-certified production.Ítem Motivación en estudiantes universitarios: metas vitales y actitudes de aprendizaje(GIKA Ediciones, 2022) Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Pedrosa-Ortega, Cristitna; Gallego-Valero, Leticia; Martínez-Alcalá, Concepción; Barrea, RaquelLa renovación metodológica que impulsa el EEES implica un nuevo enfoque didáctico, dándole mayor importancia al aprendizaje motivacional que a la enseñanza. En este contexto, las metas vitales del alumnado y su actitud ante el aprendizaje son determinantes clave en su motivación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las orientaciones motivacionales y de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas de la Universidad de Jaén para proponer al profesorado actuaciones, procedimientos, tácticas, y recursos que influyan favorablemente en la motivación del alumnado, impulsen la participación y asistencia a clase y contribuyan a un aprendizaje activo.Ítem The Spanish Olive Oil with Quality Differentiated by a Protected Designation of Origin(MDPI, 2023-11-20) García-Moral, Ana; Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Gallego-Valero, LeticiaThe Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), part of the EU’s quality policy for agri-food products, aims to provide consumers with reliable information on the quality of a food, linked to its origin. Olive oil has perceptible qualities derived from its place of production, which create a link between the product and its place of origin, and which can influence consumer preferences. Spain, the world’s leading producer of this vegetable fat, had 29 PDOs at the end of 2020, 25.84% of the EU total for this industry. Based on the arguments drawn from the literature and the information provided by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), this paper first analyses the importance of olive oil with differentiated quality certified by a PDO for the Spanish olive oil industry. Secondly, the t-test is applied to identify positive differences in the income earned by farmers who produce olive oil certified by a PDO. Thirdly, the international competitiveness of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) bearing a PDO label is analysed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The evidence confirms that PDO certification adds value to the product and promotes exports. However, the Spanish olive oil industry does not perform well enough to harness the potential offered by this quality label, it as it does not manage to sell all the PDO-certified EVOO. This situation merits further investigation in future studies, and should be taken into account in the design of actions and campaigns organised by institutions involved in the industry. This article contributes to the evaluation of the quality policy for EU agri-food products and examines the recent evolution of the Spanish PDO-certified olive oil industry.Ítem Transparency Index of the Supplying Countries’ Institutions and Tree Cover Loss: Determining Factors of EU Timber Imports?(MPDI, 2020-09-19) Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Martínez-Alcalá, Concepción; Gallego-Valero, Leticia; Caviedes-Conde, Ángela AndreaIllegal logging and the associated deforestation have serious consequences for biodiversity, the climate, the economy and society. The EU Timber Regulation (EUTR) prohibits the placing of illegally harvested timber or timber products on the market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of EU imports of these products from the international market, in order to check how the transparency index of the supplying countries’ institutions and tree cover loss have influenced this trajectory. To that end, a panel data model is estimated with 228 observations from 38 exporting countries between 2012 and 2017. The results show that EU timber imports have a direct association with the transparency index and an inverse relationship with tree cover loss; both these relationships are highly significant at the one-percent level. Other significant factors are the performance of the EU construction sector (as a proxy for timber demand) and timber supply. In the short and medium-term, Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) signed between the EU and non-EU timber-producing countries have a negative influence on the supply to EU member states. This study presents an analysis of EU timber imports after the implementation of the EUTR, providing specific conclusions that can inform policymakers’ efforts to foster sustainable forest management.Ítem Transparency Index of the Supplying Countries’ Institutions and Tree Cover Loss: Determining Factors of EU Timber Imports?(MDPI, 2020-09-19) Moral-Pajares, Encarnación; Martínez-Alcalá, Concepción; Gallego-Valero, Leticia; Caviedes-Conde, Angela AndréaIllegal logging and the associated deforestation have serious consequences for biodiversity, the climate, the economy and society. The EU Timber Regulation (EUTR) prohibits the placing of illegally harvested timber or timber products on the market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of EU imports of these products from the international market, in order to check how the transparency index of the supplying countries’ institutions and tree cover loss have influenced this trajectory. To that end, a panel data model is estimated with 228 observations from 38 exporting countries between 2012 and 2017. The results show that EU timber imports have a direct association with the transparency index and an inverse relationship with tree cover loss; both these relationships are highly significant at the one-percent level. Other significant factors are the performance of the EU construction sector (as a proxy for timber demand) and timber supply. In the short and medium-term, Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) signed between the EU and non-EU timber-producing countries have a negative influence on the supply to EU member states. This study presents an analysis of EU timber imports after the implementation of the EUTR, providing specific conclusions that can inform policymakers’ efforts to foster sustainable forest management.Ítem La utilización del recurso Webquest en la enseñanza -aprendizaje en asignaturas de Economía Internacional del Grado en Administración y Dirección de empresas(Dykinson S.L., 2024) Moral Pajares, Encarnación; Gallego-Valero, Leticia; Lomas-Osorio Mata, Juan deEl objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la efectividad de las TIC en la enseñanza y, en concreto, de la herramienta Webquest en asignaturas relacionadas con la economía internacional, que se imparten en los últimos cursos del Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas de la Universidad de Jaén. Con la metodología aplicada se trata de que los alumnos conozcan y aprendan a utilizar la amplia disponibilidad de recursos que ofrece internet y, principalmente, las webs de instituciones nacionales e internacionales