Stochastic multi-stage multi-objective expansion of renewable resources and electrical energy storage units in distribution systems considering crypto-currency miners and responsive loads

Abstract

In order to mitigate the influence of global warming and greenhouse gasses emission, different proceedings are suggested such as utilizing renewable energies and demand response programs. This paper investigates the expansion of renewable resources and electrical energy storage units in distribution systems towards reducing investment costs and environmental pollution. Since the development of components is not possible in a single-stage due to the limitation of staff and funds, a multi-stage programming is applied to consider various restrictions. According to the penetration of crypto-currency miners in recent years, their impact is evaluated on the problem as the high-rate energy consumers. Moreover, the demand side management strategy and risk-averse scenario-based approach are implemented to analyze the role of responsive loads and model the renewable resources uncertainty, respectively. The results approve that simultaneous expansion of wind turbines, photovoltaics and electrical storage systems decreases the total pollution and cost by 100% and 99.98% after the third year, respectively. The simulations also validate that crypto-currency miners reduce the total revenue by 4.16%, whereas the responsive loads increase it by 9.89%. As well, the fluctuations of wind and solar power decrease the total revenue by 13.27%, in return, the robustness notably improves.